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afmtodit(1) -- create font files for use with groff -Tps
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afmtodit creates a font file for use with groff and grops. afmtodit is written in perl; you must have perl version 3 installed in order to run afmtodit. afm_file is the AFM (Adobe Font Metric) file fo... |
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afslog(1) -- obtains AFS tokens
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The afslog command obtains AFS tokens for the cell or path args. args is treated as a path if it contains the characters ., .., or /. If not, it is treated as a cellname or the beginning of a cellname... |
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alias(1) -- a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
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csh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mechanism (see History substitutions), job control facilities (see Jobs), interactive file name and user name completion (see File name co... |
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apply(1) -- apply a command to a set of arguments
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apply runs the named command on each given argument in turn. Character sequences of the form ``%d'' in command, where `d' is a digit from 1 to 9, are replaced by the d'th following unused argument... |
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apropos(1) -- locate commands by keyword lookup
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apropos shows which manual pages contain instances of any of the given keyword(s) in their title line. Each word is considered separately and case of letters is ignored. Words which are part of other ... |
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ar(1) -- create, modify, and extract from archives.
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The GNU ar program creates, modifies, and extracts from archives. An archive is a single file holding a collection of other files in a structure that makes it possible to retrieve the original individ... |
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arch(1) -- print architecture type
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The arch and machine commands display the machine's architecture in slightly different ways. arch by default displays the application architecture, defined by both the operating system and the instru... |
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as(1) -- the portable GNU assembler.
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GNU as is really a family of assemblers. If you use (or have used) the GNU assembler on one architecture, you should find a fairly similar environment when you use it on another architecture. Each ver... |
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asa(1) -- interpret carriage-control characters
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The asa utility reads files sequentially, mapping FORTRAN carriage-control characters to line-printer control sequences, and writes them to the standard output. The first character of each line is int... |
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at(1) -- queue, examine or delete jobs for later execution
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at and batch read commands from standard input or a specified file which are to be executed at a later time, via the user's shell as specified by the SHELL environment variable. If SHELL is not set, ... |
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atq(1) -- display the at(1) job queue
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atq displays the queue of jobs, created by the at(1) command, which are currently awaiting execution. Unless the user is the superuser, only the user's own jobs will be displayed. With no flags, the ... |
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atrm(1) -- remove jobs spooled by at(1)
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atrm removes jobs that were created with the at(1) command. The options are as follows: -a Remove all jobs belonging to the user invoking atrm. If the user is the superuser, remove all jobs. -f All in... |
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aucat(1) -- concatenate and play audio files
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The aucat utility reads files sequentially, writing them to the specified device. By default, aucat plays audio through the /dev/audio device. The file operands are processed in command line order. If... |
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audioctl(1) -- control audio device
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The audioctl command displays or sets various audio system driver variables. If a list of variables is present on the command line, audioctl prints the current value of those variables for the specifi... |
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awk(1) -- pattern-directed scanning and processing language
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awk scans each input file for lines that match any of a set of patterns specified literally in prog or in one or more files specified as -f progfile. With each pattern there can be an associated actio... |
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b64decode(1) -- encode/decode a binary file
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|
The uuencode and uudecode utilities are used to transmit binary files over transmission mediums that do not support formats other than printable ASCII data. b64encode and b64decode are equivalent to r... |
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b64encode(1) -- encode/decode a binary file
|
|
The uuencode and uudecode utilities are used to transmit binary files over transmission mediums that do not support formats other than printable ASCII data. b64encode and b64decode are equivalent to r... |
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banner(1) -- print strings in large letters
|
|
banner prints up to 10 characters of each string in large letters on the standard output. |
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basename(1) -- return filename portion of pathname
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basename deletes any prefix ending with the last slash (`/') character present in string, and a suffix, if given. The resulting filename is written to the standard output. A non-existent suffix is ig... |
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batch(1) -- queue, examine or delete jobs for later execution
|
|
at and batch read commands from standard input or a specified file which are to be executed at a later time, via the user's shell as specified by the SHELL environment variable. If SHELL is not set, ... |
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bc(1) -- arbitrary-precision arithmetic language and calculator
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|
bc is an interactive processor for a language which resembles C but provides unlimited precision arithmetic. It takes input from any files given, then reads the standard input. Options available: -c b... |
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bdes(1) -- encrypt/decrypt using the Data Encryption Standard
|
|
bdes implements all DES modes of operation described in FIPS PUB 81, including alternative cipher feedback mode and both authentication modes. bdes reads from the standard input and writes to the stan... |
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bg(1) -- a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
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|
csh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mechanism (see History substitutions), job control facilities (see Jobs), interactive file name and user name completion (see File name co... |
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biff(1) -- be notified if mail arrives and who it is from
|
|
biff informs the system whether you want to be notified when mail arrives during the current terminal session. The options are as follows: n Disables notification. y Enables notification. When mail no... |
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c++(1) -- GNU project C++ Compiler
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|
The C and C++ compilers are integrated; g++ is a script to call gcc with options to recognize C++. gcc processes input files through one or more of four stages: preprocessing, compilation, assembly, a... |
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c++filt(1) -- demangle C++ symbols
|
|
The C++ language provides function overloading, which means that you can write many functions with the same name (providing each takes parameters of different types). All C++ function names are encode... |
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c2ph(1) -- Dump C structures as generated from "cc -g
|
|
The following is the old c2ph.doc documentation by Tom Christiansen Date: 25 Jul 91 08:10:21 GMT Once upon a time, I wrote a program called pstruct. It was a perl program that tried... |
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cal(1) -- displays a calendar
|
|
cal displays a simple calendar. If arguments are not specified, the current month is displayed. The options are as follows: -j Display Julian dates (days one-based, numbered from January 1). -y Displa... |
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calendar(1) -- reminder service
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|
The calendar utility checks the current directory or the directory specified by the CALENDAR_DIR environment variable for a file named calendar and displays lines that begin with either today's date ... |
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captoinfo(1) -- convert a termcap description into a terminfo description
|
|
captoinfo looks in file for termcap descriptions. For each one found, an equivalent terminfo description is written to standard output. Termcap tc capabilities are translated directly to terminfo use ... |
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cap_mkdb(1) -- create capability database
|
|
cap_mkdb builds a hashed database out of the getcap(3) or terminfo(5) logical database constructed by the concatenation of the specified files. The database is named by the basename of the first file ... |
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cat(1) -- concatenate and print files
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|
The cat utility reads files sequentially, writing them to the standard output. The file operands are processed in command-line order. If file is a single dash (`-') or absent, cat reads from the stan... |
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cc(1) -- GNU project C and C++ Compiler (gcc-2.95)
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|
The C and C++ compilers are integrated. Both process input files through one or more of four stages: preprocessing, compilation, assembly, and linking. Source filename suffixes identify the source lan... |
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cd(1) -- change working directory
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|
directory is an absolute or relative pathname which becomes the new working directory. The interpretation of a relative pathname by cd depends on the CDPATH environment variable (see below). Note that... |
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cdio(1) -- compact disc audio player and control utility
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|
The cdio program controls audio features of a CD drive. The device is a name such as ``cd0'' or ``mcd0''. If a device is not specified, the environment variable DISC will be used to find the CD de... |
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checknr(1) -- check nroff/troff files
|
|
checknr checks a list of nroff(1) or troff(1) input files for certain kinds of errors involving mismatched opening and closing delimiters and unknown commands. If no files are specified, checknr check... |
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chflags(1) -- change file flags
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|
The chflags utility modifies the file flags of the listed files as specified by the flags operand. The flags of a file dictate special restrictions beyond those enforced by its mode/permissions. The o... |
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chfn(1) -- add or change user database information
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|
chpass allows editing of the user database information associated with user, or, by default, the current user. The information is formatted and supplied to an editor for changes. Only the information ... |
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chgrp(1) -- change group
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|
chgrp sets the group ID of the specified files. The options are as follows: -H If the -R option is specified, symbolic links on the command line are followed. (Symbolic links encountered in the tree t... |
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chio(1) -- medium changer control utility
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|
The chio utility is used to control the operation of medium changers, such as those found in tape and optical disk jukeboxes. The options are as follows: -f changer Use the device changer rather than ... |
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chmod(1) -- change file modes
|
|
The chmod utility modifies the file mode bits of the listed files as specified by the mode operand. The mode of a file dictates its permissions, among other attributes. The options are as follows: -R ... |
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chpass(1) -- add or change user database information
|
|
chpass allows editing of the user database information associated with user, or, by default, the current user. The information is formatted and supplied to an editor for changes. Only the information ... |
|
chsh(1) -- add or change user database information
|
|
chpass allows editing of the user database information associated with user, or, by default, the current user. The information is formatted and supplied to an editor for changes. Only the information ... |
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ci(1) -- check in RCS revisions
|
|
ci stores new revisions into RCS files. Each pathname matching an RCS suffix is taken to be an RCS file. All others are assumed to be working files containing new revisions. ci deposits the contents o... |
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cksum(1) -- display file checksums and block counts
|
|
The cksum utility writes to the standard output a single line for each input file. The format of this line varies with the algorithm being used as follows: cksum The output line consists of three whit... |
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clear(1) -- terminal capability interface
|
|
The tput utility makes terminal-dependent information available to users or shell applications. The options are as follows: -T The terminal name as found in the terminfo database; for example, ``vt100... |
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cmp(1) -- compare two files
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|
The cmp utility compares two files of any type and writes the results to the standard output. By default, cmp is silent if the files are the same; if they differ, the byte and line number at which the... |
|
co(1) -- check out RCS revisions
|
|
co retrieves a revision from each RCS file and stores it into the corresponding working file. Pathnames matching an RCS suffix denote RCS files; all others denote working files. Names are paired as ex... |
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col(1) -- filter reverse line feeds from input
|
|
col filters out reverse (and half-reverse) line feeds so that the output is in the correct order with only forward and half-forward line feeds, and replaces whitespace characters with tabs where possi... |
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colcrt(1) -- filter nroff output for CRT previewing
|
|
colcrt provides virtual half-line and reverse line feed sequences for terminals without such capability, and on which overstriking is destructive. Half-line characters and underlining (changed to dash... |
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colrm(1) -- remove columns from a file
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|
colrm removes selected columns from the lines of a file. A column is defined as a single character in a line. Input is read from the standard input. Output is written to the standard output. If only t... |
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column(1) -- columnate lists
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|
The column utility formats its input into multiple columns. Rows are filled before columns. Input is taken from file operands, or, by default, from the standard input. Empty lines are ignored. The opt... |
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comm(1) -- select or reject lines common to two files
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|
The comm utility reads file1 and file2, which should be sorted lexically, and produces three text columns as output: lines only in file1; lines only in file2; and lines in both files. The filename ``-... |
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compile_et(1) -- error table compiler
|
|
compile_et converts a table listing error-code names and associated messages into a C source file suitable for use with the com_err(3) library. The source file name must end with a suffix of ``.et''... |
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compress(1) -- compress and expand data
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|
The compress and gzip utilities reduce the size of the named files using adaptive Lempel-Ziv coding. They are functionally identical, but use different algorithms for compression. If invoked as gzip o... |
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cp(1) -- copy files
|
|
In the first synopsis form, the cp utility copies the contents of the source_file to the target_file. In the second synopsis form, the contents of each named source_file are copied to the destination ... |
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cpan(1) -- easily interact with CPAN from the command line
|
|
This script provides a command interface (not a shell) to CPAN.pm. Meta Options [Toc] [Back] These options are mutually exclusive, and the script processes them in this order: [ahvr]. Once the s... |
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cpio(1) -- copy file archives in and out
|
|
The cpio command copies files to and from a cpio archive. The options are as follows: -o Create an archive. Reads the list of files to store in the archive from standard input, and writes the archive ... |
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cpp(1) -- The GNU C-Compatible Compiler Preprocessor.
|
|
The C preprocessor is a macro processor that is used automatically by the C compiler to transform your program before actual compilation. It is called a macro processor because it allows you to define... |
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crontab(1) -- maintain crontab files for individual users
|
|
crontab is the program used to install, deinstall, or list the tables used to drive the cron(8) daemon. Each user can have their own crontab(5), and though these are files in /var/cron/tabs, they are ... |
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csh(1) -- a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
|
|
csh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mechanism (see History substitutions), job control facilities (see Jobs), interactive file name and user name completion (see File name co... |
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ctags(1) -- create a tags file
|
|
ctags makes a tags file for ex(1) from the specified C, Pascal, Fortran, YACC, lex, and lisp sources. A tags file gives the locations of specified objects in a group of files. Each line of the tags fi... |
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cu(1) -- connect to a remote system
|
|
tip and cu establish a full-duplex connection to another machine, giving the appearance of being logged in directly on the remote CPU. It goes without saying that you must have a login on the machine ... |
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cut(1) -- select portions of each line of a file
|
|
The cut utility selects portions of each line (as specified by list) from each file (or the standard input by default), and writes them to the standard output. The items specified by list can be in te... |
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cvs(1) -- Concurrent Versions System
|
|
CVS is a version control system, which allows you to keep old versions of files (usually source code), keep a log of who, when, and why changes occurred, etc., like RCS or SCCS. Unlike the simpler sys... |
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date(1) -- display or set date and time
|
|
When invoked without arguments, the date utility displays the current date and time. Otherwise, depending on the options specified, date will set the date and time or print it in a user-defined way. O... |
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dbmmanage(1) -- Create and update user authentication files in DBM format
|
|
dbmmanage is used to create and update the DBM format files used to store usernames and password for basic authentication of HTTP users. Resources available from the httpd Apache web server can be res... |
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dc(1) -- desk calculator
|
|
dc is an arbitrary precision arithmetic package. The overall structure of dc is a stacking (reverse Polish) calculator i.e. numbers are stored on a stack. Adding a number pushes it onto the stack. Ari... |
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dd(1) -- convert and copy a file
|
|
The dd utility copies the standard input to the standard output, applying any specified conversions. Input data is read and written in 512-byte blocks. If input reads are short, input from multiple re... |
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deroff(1) -- remove nroff/troff, eqn, pic and tbl constructs
|
|
deroff reads each file in sequence and removes all nroff(1) and troff(1) command lines, backslash constructions, macro definitions, eqn(1) constructs (between `.EQ' and `.EN' lines or between delimi... |
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df(1) -- display free disk space
|
|
The df utility displays statistics about the amount of free disk space on the specified file_system or on the file system of which file is a part. By default, values are displayed as 512-byte block co... |
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diff(1) -- differential file and directory comparator
|
|
The diff utility compares the contents of file1 and file2 and writes to the standard output the list of changes necessary to convert one file into the other. No output is produced if the files are ide... |
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diff3(1) -- 3-way differential file comparison
|
|
The diff3 utility compares the contents of three different versions of a file, file1, file2 and file3, writing the result to the standard output. The options describe different methods of merging and ... |
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dig(1) -- DNS lookup utility
|
|
dig (domain information groper) is a flexible tool for interrogating DNS name servers. It performs DNS lookups and displays the answers that are returned from the name server(s) that were queried. Mos... |
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dirname(1) -- return directory portion of pathname
|
|
dirname deletes the filename portion, beginning with the last slash (`/') character to the end of pathname, and writes the result to the standard output. The dirname utility exits 0 on success or >0 ... |
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dirs(1) -- a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
|
|
csh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mechanism (see History substitutions), job control facilities (see Jobs), interactive file name and user name completion (see File name co... |
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domainname(1) -- set or print YP domain of current host system
|
|
The domainname utility prints the YP domain name of the current host. The superuser can set the domain name by supplying a /etc/defaultdomain file (see defaultdomain(5)). This is used at system boot t... |
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dprofpp(1) -- display perl profile data
|
|
The dprofpp command interprets profile data produced by a profiler, such as the Devel::DProf profiler. Dprofpp will read the file tmon.out and will display the 15 subroutines which are using the most ... |
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du(1) -- display disk usage statistics
|
|
The du utility displays the file system block usage for each file argument and for each directory in the file hierarchy rooted in each directory argument. Note that the system block usage is usually g... |
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echo(1) -- write arguments to the standard output
|
|
The echo utility writes any specified operands, separated by single blank (` ') characters and followed by a newline (`0) character, to the standard output. When no operands are given, only the newli... |
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ed(1) -- text editor
|
|
ed is a line-oriented text editor. It is used to create, display, modify, and otherwise manipulate text files. If invoked with a file argument, then a copy of file is read into the editor's buffer. C... |
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egrep(1) -- file pattern searcher
|
|
The grep utilities search the given input files selecting lines that match one or more patterns. By default, a pattern matches an input line if any regular expression (RE) in the pattern matches the i... |
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eject(1) -- magnetic tape and removable media manipulating program
|
|
The mt utility sends commands to a magnetic tape drive. By default, mt performs the requested operation once. Operations may be performed multiple times by specifying count. Note that device must refe... |
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elf2olf(1) -- convert between ELF and OLF object module format
|
|
The elf2olf utility reads the specified ELF version 1 module operands and converts them to the default operating system's OLF object module format. The olf2elf utility reverses the process. The modul... |
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enc2xs(1) -- Perl Encode Module Generator
|
|
enc2xs builds a Perl extension for use by Encode from either Unicode Character Mapping files (.ucm) or Tcl Encoding Files (.enc). Besides being used internally during the build process of the Encode m... |
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encrypt(1) -- encrypt passwords from the command line or standard input
|
|
encrypt prints the encrypted form of string to the standard output. This is mostly useful for encrypting passwords from within scripts. The options are as follows: -k Run in makekey compatible mode; a... |
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env(1) -- set and print environment
|
|
env executes utility after modifying the environment as specified on the command line. The option name=value specifies an environment variable, name, with a value of value. The options are as follows:... |
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eqn(1) -- format equations for troff
|
|
This manual page describes the GNU version of eqn, which is part of the groff document formatting system. eqn compiles descriptions of equations embedded within troff input files into commands that ar... |
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ex(1) -- text editor
|
|
ex is a line-oriented text editor; vi is a screen-oriented text editor. ex and vi are different interfaces to the same program, and it is possible to switch back and forth during an edit session. view... |
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expand(1) -- expand tabs to spaces, and vice versa
|
|
expand processes the named files or the standard input, writing the standard output with tabs changed into blanks. Backspace characters are preserved into the output and decrement the column count for... |
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expr(1) -- evaluate expression
|
|
The expr utility evaluates expression and writes the result on standard output. All operators are separate arguments to the expr utility. Characters special to the command interpreter must be escaped.... |
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f77(1) -- GNU project Fortran Compiler (v0.5.24)
|
|
The C and F77 compilers are integrated; g77 is a program to call gcc with options to recognize programs written in Fortran (ANSI FORTRAN 77, also called F77). gcc processes input files through one or ... |
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false(1) -- return false value
|
|
The false utility always exits with a non-zero exit code. |
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sparc/fdformat(1) -- format floppy disks
|
|
fdformat formats a floppy disk at device device_name. device_name should be a character device; it may be given either with a full path name of a raw device node for a floppy disk drive (e.g., /dev/rf... |
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i386/fdformat(1) -- format floppy disks
|
|
fdformat formats a floppy disk at device device_name. device_name should be a character device; it may be given either with a full path name of a raw device node for a floppy disk drive (e.g., /dev/rf... |
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fg(1) -- a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
|
|
csh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mechanism (see History substitutions), job control facilities (see Jobs), interactive file name and user name completion (see File name co... |
|
fgen(1) -- IEEE 1275 Open Firmware FCode Tokenizer
|
|
Reads Forth source and generates tokenized FCode object file. |
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fgrep(1) -- file pattern searcher
|
|
The grep utilities search the given input files selecting lines that match one or more patterns. By default, a pattern matches an input line if any regular expression (RE) in the pattern matches the i... |
|
file(1) -- determine file type
|
|
This manual page documents version 3.22 of the file command. file tests each argument in an attempt to classify it. There are three sets of tests, performed in this order: filesystem tests, magic numb... |
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file2c(1) -- convert file to c-source
|
|
The file2c utility reads a file from the standard input and writes it to the standard output, converting each byte to its decimal representation on the fly. If the first string is present, it is print... |
|
find(1) -- walk a file hierarchy
|
|
find recursively descends the directory tree for each file listed, evaluating an expression (composed of the ``primaries'' and ``operands'' listed below) in terms of each file in the tree. In the ... |
|
find2perl(1) -- translate find command lines to Perl code
|
|
find2perl is a little translator to convert find command lines to equivalent Perl code. The resulting code is typically faster than running find itself. "paths" are a set of paths where find2perl wi... |
|
finger(1) -- user information lookup program
|
|
The finger utility displays information about local and remote system users. By default, the following information is displayed about each user currently logged-in to the local host: +o login name +o ... |
|
flex(1) -- fast lexical analyzer generator
|
|
flex is a tool for generating scanners: programs which recognize lexical patterns in text. flex reads the given input files, or its standard input if no file names are given, for a description of a sc... |
|
flex++(1) -- fast lexical analyzer generator
|
|
flex is a tool for generating scanners: programs which recognize lexical patterns in text. flex reads the given input files, or its standard input if no file names are given, for a description of a sc... |
|
fmt(1) -- simple text formatter
|
|
fmt is a simple text formatter which reads the concatenation of input files (or standard input if none are given) and produces on standard output a version of its input with lines as close to the goal... |
|
fold(1) -- fold long lines for finite width output device
|
|
fold is a filter which folds the contents of the specified files, or the standard input if no files are specified, breaking the lines to have a maximum of 80 characters. The options are as follows: -b... |
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foreach(1) -- a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
|
|
csh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mechanism (see History substitutions), job control facilities (see Jobs), interactive file name and user name completion (see File name co... |
|
fpr(1) -- interpret carriage-control characters
|
|
The asa utility reads files sequentially, mapping FORTRAN carriage-control characters to line-printer control sequences, and writes them to the standard output. The first character of each line is int... |
|
from(1) -- print names of those who have sent mail
|
|
from prints out the mail header lines from the invoker's mailbox. The options are as follows: -f file The supplied file is examined instead of the invoker's mailbox. If the -f option is used, the us... |
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fs(1) -- Manage AFS directories
|
|
The fs utility is used to manipulate the AFS filesystem. Note that the fs utility does not modify the traditional UNIX filesystem, only files in AFS. The fs utility provides several commands: apropos ... |
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fsplit(1) -- split a multi-routine Fortran file into individual files
|
|
fsplit takes as input either a file or standard input containing Fortran source code. It attempts to split the input into separate routine files of the form name.f, where name is the name of the progr... |
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fstat(1) -- display status of open files
|
|
fstat identifies open files. A file is considered open by a process if it was explicitly opened, is the working directory, root directory, active pure text, or kernel trace file for that process. If n... |
|
ftp(1) -- ARPANET file transfer program
|
|
ftp is the user interface to the ARPANET standard File Transfer Protocol. The program allows a user to transfer files to and from a remote network site. The latter three usage formats will fetch a fil... |
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g++(1) -- GNU project C++ Compiler
|
|
The C and C++ compilers are integrated; g++ is a script to call gcc with options to recognize C++. gcc processes input files through one or more of four stages: preprocessing, compilation, assembly, a... |
|
g77(1) -- GNU project Fortran Compiler (v0.5.24)
|
|
The C and F77 compilers are integrated; g77 is a program to call gcc with options to recognize programs written in Fortran (ANSI FORTRAN 77, also called F77). gcc processes input files through one or ... |
|
gcc(1) -- GNU project C and C++ Compiler (gcc-2.95)
|
|
The C and C++ compilers are integrated. Both process input files through one or more of four stages: preprocessing, compilation, assembly, and linking. Source filename suffixes identify the source lan... |
|
gcc-local(1) -- local modifications to gcc
|
|
Some OpenBSD platforms use a derivative of gcc 2.95.3, others use a derivative of gcc 3.3.2. In both cases, the gcc software comes with specific modifications for OpenBSD. - gcc does not search under ... |
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gcov(1) -- test coverage program
|
|
The gcov utility is a test coverage program. Use it in concert with gcc(1) to analyze programs to help create more efficient, faster running code. gcov can be used as a profiling tool to help discover... |
|
gdb(1) -- The GNU Debugger
|
|
The purpose of a debugger such as GDB is to allow you to see what is going on ``inside'' another program while it executes--or what another program was doing at the moment it crashed. GDB can do fou... |
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gencat(1) -- NLS catalog compiler
|
|
The gencat utility merges the text NLS (National Language Support) in input-file into a formatted message catalog file output-file. The file output-file will be created if it does not already exist. I... |
|
getconf(1) -- get configuration values
|
|
The getconf utility writes the current value of a configurable system limit or option variable to the standard output. The name argument specifies the system variable to be queried. The pathname argum... |
|
getopt(1) -- parse command options
|
|
getopt is used to break up options in command lines for easy parsing by shell procedures, and to check for legal options. [optstring] is a string of recognized option letters (see getopt(3)); if a let... |
|
gprof(1) -- display call graph profile data
|
|
gprof produces an execution profile of C, Pascal, or Fortran77 programs. The effect of called routines is incorporated in the profile of each caller. The profile data is taken from the call graph prof... |
|
grep(1) -- file pattern searcher
|
|
The grep utilities search the given input files selecting lines that match one or more patterns. By default, a pattern matches an input line if any regular expression (RE) in the pattern matches the i... |
|
hp300/grfinfo(1) -- display information about grf graphics devices
|
|
grfinfo displays information about the graphics framebuffer device list. The options are as follows: -a For each device, display the type and all possible information. -t For each device, display the ... |
|
grodvi(1) -- convert groff output to TeX dvi format
|
|
grodvi is a driver for groff that produces TeX dvi format. Normally it should be run by groff -Tdvi. This will run troff -Tdvi; it will also input the macros /usr/share/tmac/tmac.dvi; if the input is ... |
|
groff(1) -- front end for the groff document formatting system
|
|
groff is a front-end to the groff document formatting system. Normally it runs the troff program and a postprocessor appropriate for the selected device. Available devices are: ps For PostScript print... |
|
grog(1) -- guess options for groff command
|
|
grog reads files and guesses which of the groff(1) options -e, -man, -me, -mm, -ms, -p, -s, and -t are required for printing files, and prints the groff command including those options on the standard... |
|
grohtml(1) -- html driver for groff
|
|
grohtml translates the output of GNU troff to html. Normally grohtml should be invoked by using the groff command with a -Thtml option. If no files are given, grohtml will read the standard input. A f... |
|
grolj4(1) -- groff driver for HP Laserjet 4 family
|
|
grolj4 is a driver for groff that produces output in PCL5 format suitable for an HP Laserjet 4 printer. There is an additional drawing command available: 'R dh dv' Draw a rule (solid black rectangle... |
|
grops(1) -- PostScript driver for groff
|
|
grops translates the output of GNU troff to PostScript. Normally grops should be invoked by using the groff command with a -Tps option. (Actually, this is the default for groff.) If no files are given... |
|
grotty(1) -- groff driver for typewriter-like devices
|
|
grotty translates the output of GNU troff into a form suitable for typewriter-like devices. Normally grotty should invoked by using the groff command with a -Tascii or -Tlatin1 option. If no files are... |
|
groups(1) -- show group memberships
|
|
The groups utility has been obsoleted by the id(1) utility, and is equivalent to id -Gn [user]. The command id -p is suggested for normal interactive use. The groups utility displays the groups to whi... |
|
gunzip(1) -- compress and expand data
|
|
The compress and gzip utilities reduce the size of the named files using adaptive Lempel-Ziv coding. They are functionally identical, but use different algorithms for compression. If invoked as gzip o... |
|
gzcat(1) -- compress and expand data
|
|
The compress and gzip utilities reduce the size of the named files using adaptive Lempel-Ziv coding. They are functionally identical, but use different algorithms for compression. If invoked as gzip o... |
|
gzexe(1) -- create auto-decompressing executables
|
|
The gzexe utility uses gzip(1) to compress executables, producing executables that decompress on-the-fly when executed. This saves disk space, at the cost of slower execution times. The original execu... |
|
gzip(1) -- compress and expand data
|
|
The compress and gzip utilities reduce the size of the named files using adaptive Lempel-Ziv coding. They are functionally identical, but use different algorithms for compression. If invoked as gzip o... |
|
h2ph(1) -- convert .h C header files to .ph Perl header files
|
|
h2ph converts any C header files specified to the corresponding Perl header file format. It is most easily run while in /usr/include: cd /usr/include; h2ph * sys/* or cd /usr/include; h2ph * sys/* arp... |
|
h2xs(1) -- convert .h C header files to Perl extensions
|
|
h2xs builds a Perl extension from C header files. The extension will include functions which can be used to retrieve the value of any #define statement which was in the C header files. The module_name... |
|
head(1) -- display first few lines of files
|
|
The head utility copies the first count lines of each specified file to the standard output. If no files are named, head copies lines from the standard input. If count is omitted, it defaults to 10. T... |
|
help(1) -- help for new users and administrators
|
|
This document is meant to familiarize new users and system administrators with OpenBSD and, if necessary, UNIX in general. Firstly, a wealth of information is contained within the system manual pages.... |
|
hexdump(1) -- ascii, decimal, hexadecimal, octal dump
|
|
The hexdump utility is a filter which displays the specified files, or the standard input, if no files are specified, in a userspecified format. The options are as follows: -b One-byte octal display. ... |
|
history(1) -- a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
|
|
csh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mechanism (see History substitutions), job control facilities (see Jobs), interactive file name and user name completion (see File name co... |
|
host(1) -- DNS lookup utility
|
|
host is a simple utility for performing DNS lookups. It is normally used to convert names to IP addresses and vice versa. When no arguments or options are given, host prints a short summary of its com... |
|
hostname(1) -- set or print name of current host system
|
|
The hostname utility prints the name of the current host. The superuser can set the host name by supplying a /etc/myname file. This is used at system boot time by netstart(8) to initialize the hostnam... |
|
hoststat(1) -- an electronic mail transport agent
|
|
Sendmail sends a message to one or more recipients, routing the message over whatever networks are necessary. Sendmail does internetwork forwarding as necessary to deliver the message to the correct p... |
|
hpftodit(1) -- create font description files for use with
|
|
hpftodit creates a font file for use with groff -Tlj4 from an HP tagged font metric file. tfm_file is the name of the tagged font metric file for the font. map_file is a file giving the groff names fo... |
|
htdigest(1) -- Create and update user authentication files
|
|
htdigest is used to create and update the flat-files used to store usernames, realm and password for digest authentication of HTTP users. Resources available from the httpd Apache web server can be re... |
|
htpasswd(1) -- Create and update user authentication files
|
|
htpasswd is used to create and update the flat-files used to store usernames and password for basic authentication of HTTP users. If htpasswd cannot access a file, such as not being able to write to t... |
|
id(1) -- return user identity
|
|
The id utility displays the user and group names and numeric IDs, of the calling process, to the standard output. If the real and effective IDs are different, both are displayed, otherwise only the re... |
|
ident(1) -- identify RCS keyword strings in files
|
|
ident searches for all instances of the pattern $keyword: text $ in the named files or, if no files are named, the standard input. These patterns are normally inserted automatically by the RCS command... |
|
indent(1) -- indent and format C program source
|
|
indent is a C program formatter. It reformats the C program in the input-file according to the switches. The switches which can be specified are described below. They may appear before or after the fi... |
|
indxbib(1) -- make inverted index for bibliographic databases
|
|
indxbib makes an inverted index for the bibliographic databases in filename... for use with refer(1), look- bib(1), and lkbib(1). The index will be named filename.i; the index is written to a temporar... |
|
info(1) -- read Info documents
|
|
Read documentation in Info format. |
|
infocmp(1) -- compare or print out terminfo descriptions
|
|
infocmp can be used to compare a binary terminfo entry with other terminfo entries, rewrite a terminfo description to take advantage of the use= terminfo field, or print out a terminfo description fro... |
|
infokey(1) -- compile custom key bindings file
|
|
The infokey utility compiles a source file ($HOME/.infokey by default) containing info(1) customizations into a binary format ($HOME/.info by default). info(1) reads the binary file at startup to over... |
|
infotocap(1) -- convert a terminfo description into a termcap description
|
|
infotocap looks in file for terminfo descriptions. For each one found, an equivalent termcap description is written to standard output. Terminfo use capabilities are translated directly to termcap tc ... |
|
install(1) -- install binaries
|
|
The source file(s) are copied to the target file or directory. If the target file already exists, it is either renamed to file.old if the -b option is given or overwritten if permissions allow. An alt... |
|
install-info(1) -- update info/dir entries
|
|
Install or delete dir entries from INFO-FILE in the Info directory file DIR-FILE. |
|
intro(1) -- introduction to general commands (tools and utilities)
|
|
The manual pages in section one contain most of the commands which comprise the BSD user environment. Some of the commands included in section one are text editors, command shell interpreters, searchi... |
|
ipcrm(1) -- remove the specified message queues, semaphore sets, and shared memory segments
|
|
ipcrm removes the specified message queues, semaphores and shared memory segments. These System V IPC objects can be specified by their creation ID or any associated key. The options are as follows: -... |
|
ipcs(1) -- report System V interprocess communication facilities status
|
|
The ipcs program provides information on System V interprocess communication (IPC) facilities on the system. The options are as follows: -a Show the maximum amount of information possible when display... |
|
jobs(1) -- a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
|
|
csh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mechanism (see History substitutions), job control facilities (see Jobs), interactive file name and user name completion (see File name co... |
|
join(1) -- relational database operator
|
|
The join utility performs an ``equality join'' on the specified files and writes the result to the standard output. The ``join field'' is the field in each file by which the files are compared. Th... |
|
jot(1) -- print sequential or random data
|
|
jot is used to print out increasing, decreasing, random, or redundant data, usually numbers, one per line. The options are as follows: -b word Just print word repetitively. -c This is an abbreviation ... |
|
kauth(1) -- acquire initial tickets
|
|
kinit is used to authenticate to the Kerberos server as principal, or if none is given, a system generated default (typically your login name at the default realm), and acquire a ticket granting ticke... |
|
kdestroy(1) -- destroy the current ticket file
|
|
kdestroy removes the current set of tickets. Supported options: -c cachefile -cache=cachefile The cache file to remove. --no-unlog Do not remove AFS tokens. --no-delete-v4 Do not remove v4 tickets. |
|
kdump(1) -- display kernel trace data
|
|
kdump displays the kernel trace files produced with ktrace(1) in humanreadable format. By default, the file ktrace.out in the current directory is displayed, unless overridden by the -f option. The op... |
|
keynote(1) -- command line tool for keynote(3) operations
|
|
For more details on KeyNote, see RFC 2704. |
|
kill(1) -- terminate or signal a process
|
|
The kill utility sends a signal to the process(es) specified by the pid operand(s). If no signal is specified, SIGTERM is used. Only the superuser may send signals to other users' processes. The opti... |
|
kinit(1) -- acquire initial tickets
|
|
kinit is used to authenticate to the Kerberos server as principal, or if none is given, a system generated default (typically your login name at the default realm), and acquire a ticket granting ticke... |
|
klist(1) -- list Kerberos credentials
|
|
klist reads and displays the current tickets in the credential cache (also known as the ticket file). Options supported: -c cache, --cache=cache credential cache to list -s, -t, --test Test for there ... |
|
ksh(1) -- public domain Korn shell
|
|
ksh is a command interpreter intended for both interactive and shell script use. Its command language is a superset of the sh(1) shell language. Shell startup [Toc] [Back] The following options ... |
|
ktrace(1) -- enable kernel process tracing
|
|
ktrace enables kernel trace logging for the specified processes. By default, kernel trace data is logged to the file ktrace.out, unless overridden by the -f option. The kernel operations that are trac... |
|
lam(1) -- laminate files
|
|
lam copies the named files side by side onto the standard output. The n- th input lines from the input files are considered fragments of the single long n-th output line into which they are assembled.... |
|
last(1) -- indicate last logins of users and ttys
|
|
The last utility will either (1) list the sessions of specified users, ttys, and hosts, in reverse time order, or (2) list the users logged in at a specified snapshot date & time in reverse time order... |
|
lastcomm(1) -- show last commands executed in reverse order
|
|
lastcomm gives information on previously executed commands. With no arguments, lastcomm prints information about all the commands recorded during the current accounting file's lifetime. The options a... |
|
ld(1) -- Using LD, the GNU linker
|
|
ld combines a number of object and archive files, relocates their data and ties up symbol references. Usually the last step in compiling a program is to run ld. ld accepts Linker Command Language file... |
|
ld.so(1) -- run-time link-editor
|
|
ld.so is a self-contained, position independent program image providing run-time support for loading and link-editing shared objects into a process's address space. It uses the data structures (see l... |
|
ldd(1) -- list dynamic object dependencies
|
|
ldd displays the shared objects needed to run program. ldd uses the DT_NEEDED tags to determine what dynamic objects are required. To list the objects ldd sets the environment variable LD_TRACE_LOADED... |
|
leave(1) -- remind you when you have to leave
|
|
leave waits until the specified time, then reminds you that you have to leave. You are reminded 5 minutes and 1 minute before the actual time, at the time, and every minute thereafter. When you log of... |
|
less(1) -- view files on a CRT
|
|
less is a program similar to the traditional more(1), but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement. Also, less does not have to read the entire input file before starting... |
|
lesskey(1) -- specify key bindings for less
|
|
lesskey is used to specify a set of key bindings to be used by less(1). The input file is a text file which describes the key bindings. If the input file is `-', standard input is read. If no input f... |
|
lex(1) -- fast lexical analyzer generator
|
|
flex is a tool for generating scanners: programs which recognize lexical patterns in text. flex reads the given input files, or its standard input if no file names are given, for a description of a sc... |
|
libnetcfg(1) -- configure libnet
|
|
The libnetcfg utility can be used to configure the libnet. Starting from perl 5.8 libnet is part of the standard Perl distribution, but the libnetcfg can be used for any libnet installation. |
|
limit(1) -- a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
|
|
csh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mechanism (see History substitutions), job control facilities (see Jobs), interactive file name and user name completion (see File name co... |
|
lint(1) -- a C program verifier
|
|
lint attempts to detect features of the named C program files that are likely to be bugs, non-portable, or wasteful. It also performs stricter type checking than the C compiler. lint runs the C prepro... |
|
lkbib(1) -- search bibliographic databases
|
|
lkbib searches bibliographic databases for references that contain the keys key... and prints any references found on the standard output. lkbib will search any databases given by -p options, and then... |
|
ln(1) -- make hard and symbolic links to files
|
|
The ln utility creates a new directory entry (linked file) which has the same modes as the original file. It is useful for maintaining multiple copies of a file in many places at once without using up... |
|
lndir(1) -- create a shadow directory of symbolic links to another directory tree
|
|
The lndir program makes a shadow copy todir of a directory tree fromdir, except that the shadow is not populated with real files but instead with symbolic links pointing at the real files in the fromd... |
|
locate(1) -- find filenames quickly
|
|
The locate utility searches a database for all pathnames which match the specified pattern. The database is recomputed periodically (usually weekly or daily), and contains the pathnames of all files w... |
|
lock(1) -- reserve a terminal
|
|
lock requests a password from the user, reads it again for verification and then will normally not relinquish the terminal until the password is repeated. There are two other conditions under which it... |
|
lockspool(1) -- lock user's system mailbox
|
|
lockspool is useful for a client mail program to attain proper locking. lockspool obtains a username.lock for the calling user and retains it until stdin is closed or a signal like SIGINT, SIGTERM, or... |
|
logger(1) -- make entries in the system log
|
|
The logger utility provides a shell command interface to the syslog(3) system log module. The options are as follows: -i Log the process ID of the logger process with each line. -f file Log the specif... |
|
login(1) -- log into the computer
|
|
The login utility logs users (and pseudo-users) into the computer system. If no user is specified, or if a user is specified and authentication of the user fails, login prompts for a user name. Authen... |
|
logname(1) -- display user's login name
|
|
The logname utility writes the user's login name to standard output followed by a newline (`0). The logname utility explicitly ignores the LOGNAME and USER environment variables because the environme... |
|
look(1) -- display lines beginning with a given string
|
|
The look utility displays any lines in file which contain string as a prefix. As look performs a binary search, the lines in file must be sorted. If file is not specified, the file /usr/share/dict/wor... |
|
lookbib(1) -- search bibliographic databases
|
|
lookbib prints a prompt on the standard error (unless the standard input is not a terminal), reads from the standard input a line containing a set of keywords, searches the bibliographic databases fil... |
|
lorder(1) -- list dependencies for object files
|
|
The lorder utility uses nm(1) to determine interdependencies in the list of object files specified on the command line. lorder outputs a list of file names where the first file contains a symbol which... |
|
lpq(1) -- spool queue examination program
|
|
lpq examines the spooling area used by lpd(8) for printing files on the line printer, and reports the status of the specified jobs or all jobs associated with a user. lpq invoked without any arguments... |
|
lpr(1) -- off line print
|
|
lpr uses a spooling daemon to print the named files when facilities become available. If no names appear, the standard input is assumed. The following single letter options are used to notify the line... |
|
lprm(1) -- remove jobs from the line printer spooling queue
|
|
lprm will remove a job, or jobs, from a printer's spool queue. Since the spooling directory is protected from users, using lprm is normally the only method by which a user may remove a job. The owner... |
|
lptest(1) -- generate lineprinter ripple pattern
|
|
lptest writes the traditional ``ripple test'' pattern on standard output. In 96 lines, this pattern will print all 96 printable ASCII characters in each position. While originally created to test pr... |
|
ls(1) -- list directory contents
|
|
For each operand that names a file of a type other than directory, ls displays its name as well as any requested, associated information. For each named directory, ls displays the names of files conta... |
|
lynx(1) -- a general purpose distributed information browser for the World Wide Web
|
|
Lynx is a fully-featured World Wide Web (WWW) client for users running cursor-addressable, character-cell display devices (e.g., vt100 terminals, vt100 emulators running on Windows 95/NT or Macintoshe... |
|
m4(1) -- macro language processor
|
|
The m4 utility is a macro processor that can be used as a front end to any language (e.g., C, ratfor, fortran, lex, and yacc). m4 reads from the standard input and writes the processed text to the sta... |
|
machine(1) -- print architecture type
|
|
The arch and machine commands display the machine's architecture in slightly different ways. arch by default displays the application architecture, defined by both the operating system and the instru... |
|
Mail(1) -- send and receive mail
|
|
mail is an intelligent mail processing system which has a command syntax reminiscent of ed(1) with lines replaced by messages. The options are as follows: -b list Send blind carbon copies to list. -c ... |
|
mail(1) -- send and receive mail
|
|
mail is an intelligent mail processing system which has a command syntax reminiscent of ed(1) with lines replaced by messages. The options are as follows: -b list Send blind carbon copies to list. -c ... |
|
mailx(1) -- send and receive mail
|
|
mail is an intelligent mail processing system which has a command syntax reminiscent of ed(1) with lines replaced by messages. The options are as follows: -b list Send blind carbon copies to list. -c ... |
|
make(1) -- maintain program dependencies
|
|
make is a program designed to simplify the maintenance of other programs. Its input is a list of specifications as to the files upon which programs and other files depend. If the file `BSDmakefile' e... |
|
makeinfo(1) -- translate Texinfo documents
|
|
Translate Texinfo source documentation to various other formats, by default Info files suitable for reading online with Emacs or standalone GNU Info. General options: --error-limit=NUM quit after NUM ... |
|
man(1) -- display the on-line manual pages
|
|
The man utility displays the BSD manual pages entitled name. The options are as follows: -a Display all of the manual pages for a specified section and name combination. (Normally, only the first manu... |
|
md5(1) -- calculate a message-digest fingerprint (checksum) for a file
|
|
md5 takes as input a message of arbitrary length and produces as output a 128-bit "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It was conjectured that it would be computationally infeasible to ... |
|
merge(1) -- three-way file merge
|
|
merge incorporates all changes that lead from file2 to file3 into file1. The result ordinarily goes into file1. merge is useful for combining separate changes to an original. Suppose file2 is the orig... |
|
mesg(1) -- display (do not display) messages from other users
|
|
The mesg utility is invoked by a user to control write access others have to the terminal device associated with the standard error output. Write access is allowed by default, and programs such as tal... |
|
mg(1) -- emacs-like text editor
|
|
mg is intended to be a small, fast, and portable editor for people who can't (or don't want to) run the real emacs for one reason or another, or are not familiar with the vi(1) editor. It is compati... |
|
midiplay(1) -- play MIDI files
|
|
The midiplay command plays MIDI files using the sequencer device. If no file name is given it will play from standard input, otherwise it will play the named files. The options are as follows: -d devn... |
|
mixerctl(1) -- control audio mixing
|
|
The mixerctl command displays or sets various audio system mixing variables. If a list of variables is present on the command line, mixerctl prints the current value of those variables for the specifi... |
|
mkdep(1) -- construct Makefile dependency list
|
|
mkdep takes a set of flags for the C compiler and a list of C source files as arguments and constructs a set of include file dependencies which are written into the file .depend. An example of its use... |
|
mkdir(1) -- make directories
|
|
The mkdir utility creates the directories named as operands, in the order specified, using mode rwxrwxrwx (0777) as modified by the current umask(2). The options are as follows: -m mode Set the file p... |
|
mkfifo(1) -- make FIFOs
|
|
mkfifo creates the FIFOs requested, in the order specified, using mode 0666 modified by the current umask(2). The options are as follows: -m mode Set the file permission bits of newly created director... |
|
mkstr(1) -- create an error message file by massaging C source
|
|
mkstr creates files containing error messages extracted from C source, and restructures the same C source, to utilize the created error message file. The intent of mkstr was to reduce the size of larg... |
|
mktemp(1) -- make temporary filename (unique)
|
|
The mktemp utility takes the given filename template and overwrites a portion of it to create a unique filename. The template may be any filename with some number of `Xs' appended to it, for example ... |
|
mopa.out(1) -- create MOP image from an a.out file
|
|
mopa.out is used to convert an a.out file to a MOP-image. This program will check if a.out(5) machine ID is recognized. If not it will try to swap the a.out(5) header, and try again. |
|
mopchk(1) -- MOP check utility
|
|
mopchk shows information about which devices are known, version of mopd suite or information about a MOP-image. If filename is given, information about the MOP-image is read from the header of the fil... |
|
mopprobe(1) -- MOP Probe Utility
|
|
mopprobe prints the Ethernet address and nodename of DECserver 100/200/250/300 on the Ethernet connected to interface or all known interfaces if -a is given. `-a' is given. If `-o' inhibits all mess... |
|
moptrace(1) -- MOP Trace Utility
|
|
moptrace prints the contents of MOP packages on the Ethernet connected to interface or all known interfaces if -a is given. The options are as follows: -a Listen on all the Ethernets attached to the s... |
|
more(1) -- view files on a CRT
|
|
less is a program similar to the traditional more(1), but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement. Also, less does not have to read the entire input file before starting... |
|
mset(1) -- retrieve ASCII to IBM 3270 keyboard map
|
|
Mset retrieves mapping information for the ASCII keyboard to IBM 3270 terminal special functions. Normally, these mappings are found in /usr/share/misc/map3270 (see map3270(5)). This information is us... |
|
msgs(1) -- system messages and junk mail program
|
|
msgs is used to read system messages. These messages are sent by mailing to the login ``msgs'' and should be short pieces of information which are suitable to be read once by most users of the syste... |
|
mt(1) -- magnetic tape and removable media manipulating program
|
|
The mt utility sends commands to a magnetic tape drive. By default, mt performs the requested operation once. Operations may be performed multiple times by specifying count. Note that device must refe... |
|
mv(1) -- move files
|
|
In its first form, the mv utility renames the file named by the source operand to the destination path named by the target operand. This form is assumed when the last operand does not name an already ... |
|
nawk(1) -- pattern-directed scanning and processing language
|
|
awk scans each input file for lines that match any of a set of patterns specified literally in prog or in one or more files specified as -f progfile. With each pattern there can be an associated actio... |
|
nc(1) -- arbitrary TCP and UDP connections and listens
|
|
The nc (or netcat) utility is used for just about anything under the sun involving TCP or UDP. It can open TCP connections, send UDP packets, listen on arbitrary TCP and UDP ports, do port scanning, a... |
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neqn(1) -- format equations for troff
|
|
This manual page describes the GNU version of eqn, which is part of the groff document formatting system. eqn compiles descriptions of equations embedded within troff input files into commands that ar... |
|
netstat(1) -- show network status
|
|
The netstat command symbolically displays the contents of various network-related data structures. There are a number of output formats, depending on the options for the information presented. The fir... |
|
nfsstat(1) -- display NFS statistics
|
|
nfsstat displays statistics kept about NFS client and server activity. If neither -M nor -N option was specified statics will be obtained from the running system by calling sysctl(3) routine. Otherwis... |
|
nice(1) -- execute a utility with an altered scheduling priority
|
|
nice runs utility at an altered scheduling priority. If an increment is given, it is used; otherwise an increment of 10 is assumed. The superuser can run utilities with priorities higher than normal b... |
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nm(1) -- display name list (symbol table)
|
|
The symbol table (name list) of each object in file(s) is displayed. If a library (archive) is given, nm displays a list for each object archive member. If file is not present, nm searches for the fil... |
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nohup(1) -- invoke a command immune to hangups
|
|
The nohup utility invokes command with its arguments and at this time sets the signal SIGHUP to be ignored. If the standard output is a terminal, the standard output is appended to the file nohup.out ... |
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nroff(1) -- emulate nroff command with groff
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|
The nroff script emulates the nroff command using groff. The -T option with an argument other than ascii and latin1 will be ignored. The -h option is equivalent to the grotty -h option. The -i, -n, -m... |
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objcopy(1) -- copy and translate object files
|
|
The GNU `objcopy' utility copies the contents of an object file to another. `objcopy' uses the GNU BFD Library to read and write the object files. It can write the destination object file in a forma... |
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objdump(1) -- display information from object files.
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|
objdump displays information about one or more object files. The options control what particular information to display. This information is mostly useful to programmers who are working on the compila... |
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od(1) -- octal, decimal, hex, ascii dump
|
|
od has been deprecated in favor of hexdump(1). hexdump(1), if called as od, provides compatibility for the options described below. It does not provide compatibility for the -s option (see strings(1))... |
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oldrdist(1) -- remote file distribution program
|
|
oldrdist is a program to maintain identical copies of files over multiple hosts. It preserves the owner, group, mode, and mtime of files if possible and can update programs that are executing. oldrdis... |
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olf2elf(1) -- convert between ELF and OLF object module format
|
|
The elf2olf utility reads the specified ELF version 1 module operands and converts them to the default operating system's OLF object module format. The olf2elf utility reverses the process. The modul... |
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openssl(1) -- OpenSSL command line tool
|
|
OpenSSL is a cryptography toolkit implementing the Secure Sockets Layer (SSL v2/v3) and Transport Layer Security (TLS v1) network protocols and related cryptography standards required by them. The ope... |
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otp-md4(1) -- respond to an OTP challenge
|
|
S/Key is a procedure for using one-time passwords to authenticate access to computer systems. It uses 64 bits of information transformed by the MD4, MD5, SHA1, or RIPEMD-160 algorithms. The user suppl... |
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otp-md5(1) -- respond to an OTP challenge
|
|
S/Key is a procedure for using one-time passwords to authenticate access to computer systems. It uses 64 bits of information transformed by the MD4, MD5, SHA1, or RIPEMD-160 algorithms. The user suppl... |
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otp-rmd160(1) -- respond to an OTP challenge
|
|
S/Key is a procedure for using one-time passwords to authenticate access to computer systems. It uses 64 bits of information transformed by the MD4, MD5, SHA1, or RIPEMD-160 algorithms. The user suppl... |
|
otp-sha1(1) -- respond to an OTP challenge
|
|
S/Key is a procedure for using one-time passwords to authenticate access to computer systems. It uses 64 bits of information transformed by the MD4, MD5, SHA1, or RIPEMD-160 algorithms. The user suppl... |
|
page(1) -- view files on a CRT
|
|
less is a program similar to the traditional more(1), but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement. Also, less does not have to read the entire input file before starting... |
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pagesize(1) -- print system page size
|
|
pagesize prints the size of a page of memory in bytes, as returned by getpagesize(3). This program is useful in constructing portable shell scripts. |
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pagsh(1) -- execute a command without authentication
|
|
Starts a new subprocess that is detached from any Kerberos ticket cache and AFS tokens. Without command a new shell is started. |
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passwd(1) -- modify a user's password
|
|
passwd changes the user's local, Kerberos, or YP password. First, the user is prompted for their current password. If the current password is correctly typed, a new password is requested. The new pas... |
|
paste(1) -- merge corresponding or subsequent lines of files
|
|
The paste utility concatenates the corresponding lines of the given input files, replacing all but the last file's newline characters with a single tab character, and writes the resulting lines to st... |
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patch(1) -- apply a diff file to an original
|
|
patch will take a patch file containing any of the four forms of difference listing produced by the diff(1) program and apply those differences to an original file, producing a patched version. If pat... |
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pax(1) -- read and write file archives and copy directory hierarchies
|
|
pax will read, write, and list the members of an archive file, and will copy directory hierarchies. pax operation is independent of the specific archive format, and supports a wide variety of differen... |
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i386/pctr(1) -- display CPU performance counters
|
|
The pctr program is a sample implementation of how to access the pctr(4) pseudo device available on many i386 compatible machines. By default, the pctr command displays the current values of the TSC a... |
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perl(1) -- Practical Extraction and Report Language
|
|
Perl is a language optimized for scanning arbitrary text files, extracting information from those text files, and printing reports based on that information. It's also a good language for many system... |
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perl5004delta(1) -- what's new for perl5.004
|
|
This document describes differences between the 5.003 release (as documented in Programming Perl, second edition--the Camel Book) and this one. |
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perl5005delta(1) -- what's new for perl5.005
|
|
This document describes differences between the 5.004 release and this one. |
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perl561delta(1) -- what's new for perl v5.6.x
|
|
This document describes differences between the 5.005 release and the 5.6.1 release. |
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perl56delta(1) -- what's new for perl v5.6.0
|
|
This document describes differences between the 5.005 release and the 5.6.0 release. |
|
perl570delta(1) -- what's new for perl v5.7.0
|
|
This document describes differences between the 5.6.0 release and the 5.7.0 release. |
|
perl571delta(1) -- what's new for perl v5.7.1
|
|
This document describes differences between the 5.7.0 release and the 5.7.1 release. (To view the differences between the 5.6.0 release and the 5.7.0 release, see perl570delta.) |
|
perl572delta(1) -- what's new for perl v5.7.2
|
|
This document describes differences between the 5.7.1 release and the 5.7.2 release. (To view the differences between the 5.6.0 release and the 5.7.0 release, see perl570delta. To view the differences... |
|
perl573delta(1) -- what's new for perl v5.7.3
|
|
This document describes differences between the 5.7.2 release and the 5.7.3 release. (To view the differences between the 5.6.0 release and the 5.7.0 release, see perl570delta. To view the differences... |
|
perl581delta(1) -- what is new for perl v5.8.1
|
|
This document describes differences between the 5.8.0 release and the 5.8.1 release. If you are upgrading from an earlier release such as 5.6.1, first read the perl58delta, which describes differences... |
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perl582delta(1) -- what is new for perl v5.8.2
|
|
This document describes differences between the 5.8.1 release and the 5.8.2 release. If you are upgrading from an earlier release such as 5.6.1, first read the perl58delta, which describes differences... |
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perl583delta(1) -- what is new for perl v5.8.3
|
|
This document describes differences between the 5.8.2 release and the 5.8.3 release. If you are upgrading from an earlier release such as 5.6.1, first read the perl58delta, which describes differences... |
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perl584delta(1) -- what is new for perl v5.8.4
|
|
This document describes differences between the 5.8.3 release and the 5.8.4 release. |
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perl585delta(1) -- what is new for perl v5.8.5
|
|
This document describes differences between the 5.8.4 release and the 5.8.5 release. |
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perl58delta(1) -- what is new for perl v5.8.0
|
|
This document describes differences between the 5.6.0 release and the 5.8.0 release. Many of the bug fixes in 5.8.0 were already seen in the 5.6.1 maintenance release since the two releases were kept ... |
|
perlapi(1) -- autogenerated documentation for the perl public API
|
|
This file contains the documentation of the perl public API generated by embed.pl, specifically a listing of functions, macros, flags, and variables that may be used by extension writers. The interfac... |
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perlapio(1) -- perl's IO abstraction interface.
|
|
Perl's source code, and extensions that want maximum portability, should use the above functions instead of those defined in ANSI C's stdio.h. The perl headers (in particular "perlio.h") will "#d... |
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perlartistic(1) -- the Perl Artistic License
|
|
This is "The Artistic License". It's here so that modules, programs, etc., that want to declare this as their distribution license, can link to it. It is also one of the two licenses Perl allows it... |
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perlbook(1) -- Perl book information
|
|
The Camel Book, officially known as Programming Perl, Third Edition, by Larry Wall et al, is the definitive reference work covering nearly all of Perl. You can order it and other Perl books from O'Re... |
|
perlboot(1) -- Beginner's Object-Oriented Tutorial
|
|
If you're not familiar with objects from other languages, some of the other Perl object documentation may be a little daunting, such as perlobj, a basic reference in using objects, and perltoot, whic... |
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perlbot(1) -- Bag'o Object Tricks (the BOT)
|
|
The following collection of tricks and hints is intended to whet curious appetites about such things as the use of instance variables and the mechanics of object and class relationships. The reader is... |
|
perlbug(1) -- how to submit bug reports on Perl
|
|
A program to help generate bug reports about perl or the modules that come with it, and mail them. If you have found a bug with a non-standard port (one that was not part of the standard distribution)... |
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perlcall(1) -- Perl calling conventions from C
|
|
The purpose of this document is to show you how to call Perl subroutines directly from C, i.e., how to write call- backs. Apart from discussing the C interface provided by Perl for writing callbacks t... |
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perlcc(1) -- generate executables from Perl programs
|
|
perlcc creates standalone executables from Perl programs, using the code generators provided by the B module. At present, you may either create executable Perl bytecode, using the "-B" option, or ge... |
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perlcheat(1) -- Perl 5 Cheat Sheet
|
|
This 'cheat sheet' is a handy reference, meant for beginning Perl programmers. Not everything is mentioned, but 194 features may already be overwhelming. The sheet [Toc] [Back] CONTEXTS SIGILS... |
|
perlclib(1) -- Internal replacements for standard C library functions
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|
One thing Perl porters should note is that perl doesn't tend to use that much of the C standard library internally; you'll see very little use of, for example, the ctype.h functions in there. This i... |
|
perlcn(1) -- 1/4oIaODIA Perl O,AI
|
|
>>9|O-A'u1/2 Perl uAIiuO! 'O 5.8.0 oaecaE1/4, Perl 3/4B+-,AEIeEAEuA Unicode (I3O>>Ae) OSO(R), O2A~'oOSO(R)AEDi9|aA-9|iOiIuOOIauA+-aAe.1/2E1/2; CJK (ODEOo<<) +-aECAEaODuAO>>2c.Y. Unicode EC1u1/4EDOu... |
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perlcompile(1) -- Introduction to the Perl Compiler-Translator
|
|
Perl has always had a compiler: your source is compiled into an internal form (a parse tree) which is then optimized before being run. Since version 5.005, Perl has shipped with a module capable of in... |
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perldata(1) -- Perl data types
|
|
Variable names Perl has three built-in data types: scalars, arrays of scalars, and associative arrays of scalars, known as "hashes". A scalar is a single string (of any size, limited only by the ava... |
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perldbmfilter(1) -- Perl DBM Filters
|
|
The four "filter_*" methods shown above are available in all the DBM modules that ship with Perl, namely DB_File, GDBM_File, NDBM_File, ODBM_File and SDBM_File. Each of the methods work identically,... |
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perldebguts(1) -- Guts of Perl debugging
|
|
This is not the perldebug(1) manpage, which tells you how to use the debugger. This manpage describes low-level details concerning the debugger's internals, which range from difficult to impossible t... |
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perldebtut(1) -- Perl debugging tutorial
|
|
A (very) lightweight introduction in the use of the perl debugger, and a pointer to existing, deeper sources of information on the subject of debugging perl programs. There's an extraordinary number ... |
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perldebug(1) -- Perl debugging
|
|
First of all, have you tried using the -w switch? If you're new to the Perl debugger, you may prefer to read perldebtut, which is a tutorial introduction to the debugger . |
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perldiag(1) -- various Perl diagnostics
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|
These messages are classified as follows (listed in increasing order of desperation): (W) A warning (optional). (D) A deprecation (optional). (S) A severe warning (default). (F) A fatal error (trappab... |
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perldoc(1) -- Look up Perl documentation in Pod format.
|
|
perldoc looks up a piece of documentation in .pod format that is embedded in the perl installation tree or in a perl script, and displays it via "pod2man | nroff -man | $PAGER". (In addition, if run... |
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perldsc(1) -- Perl Data Structures Cookbook
|
|
The single feature most sorely lacking in the Perl programming language prior to its 5.0 release was complex data structures. Even without direct language support, some valiant programmers did manage ... |
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perlembed(1) -- how to embed perl in your C program
|
|
PREAMBLE Do you want to: Use C from Perl? Read perlxstut, perlxs, h2xs, perlguts, and perlapi. Use a Unix program from Perl? Read about back-quotes and about "system" and "exec" in perlfunc. Use P... |
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perlfaq(1) -- frequently asked questions about Perl ($Date: 2003/12/03 03:02:44 $)
|
|
The perlfaq is divided into several documents based on topics. A table of contents is at the end of this document. Where to get the perlfaq [Toc] [Back] Extracts of the perlfaq are posted regula... |
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perlfaq1(1) -- General Questions About Perl ($Revision: 1.7 $, $Date: 2004/04/07 21:33:08 $)
|
|
This section of the FAQ answers very general, high-level questions about Perl. What is Perl? Perl is a high-level programming language with an eclectic heritage written by Larry Wall and a cast of tho... |
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perlfaq2(1) -- Obtaining and Learning about Perl ($Revision: 1.7 $, $Date: 2004/04/07 21:33:08 $)
|
|
This section of the FAQ answers questions about where to find source and documentation for Perl, support, and related matters. What machines support Perl? Where do I get it? The standard release of Pe... |
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perlfaq3(1) -- Programming Tools ($Revision: 1.7 $, $Date: 2004/04/07 21:33:08 $)
|
|
This section of the FAQ answers questions related to programmer tools and programming support. How do I do (anything)? Have you looked at CPAN (see perlfaq2)? The chances are that someone has already ... |
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perlfaq4(1) -- Data Manipulation ($Revision: 1.7 $, $Date: 2004/04/07 21:33:08 $)
|
|
This section of the FAQ answers questions related to manipulating numbers, dates, strings, arrays, hashes, and miscellaneous data issues. Data: Numbers Why am I getting long decimals (eg, 19.949999999... |
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perlfaq5(1) -- Files and Formats ($Revision: 1.8 $, $Date: 2004/08/09 18:10:15 $)
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|
This section deals with I/O and the "f" issues: filehandles, flushing, formats, and footers. How do I flush/unbuffer an output filehandle? Why must I do this? Perl does not support truly unbuffered ... |
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perlfaq6(1) -- Regular Expressions ($Revision: 1.6 $, $Date: 2003/12/03 03:02:44 $)
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|
This section is surprisingly small because the rest of the FAQ is littered with answers involving regular expressions. For example, decoding a URL and checking whether something is a number are handle... |
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perlfaq7(1) -- General Perl Language Issues ($Revision: 1.6 $, $Date: 2003/12/03 03:02:45 $)
|
|
This section deals with general Perl language issues that don't clearly fit into any of the other sections. Can I get a BNF/yacc/RE for the Perl language? There is no BNF, but you can paw your way th... |
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perlfaq8(1) -- System Interaction ($Revision: 1.7 $, $Date: 2004/08/09 18:10:15 $)
|
|
This section of the Perl FAQ covers questions involving operating system interaction. Topics include interprocess communication (IPC), control over the user-interface (keyboard, screen and pointing de... |
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perlfaq9(1) -- Networking ($Revision: 1.6 $, $Date: 2003/12/03 03:02:45 $)
|
|
This section deals with questions related to networking, the internet, and a few on the web. What is the correct form of response from a CGI script? (Alan Flavell answers... |
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perlfilter(1) -- Source Filters
|
|
This article is about a little-known feature of Perl called source filters. Source filters alter the program text of a module before Perl sees it, much as a C preprocessor alters the source text of a ... |
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perlfork(1) -- Perl's fork() emulation
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|
The fork() emulation is implemented at the level of the Perl interpreter. What this means in general is that running fork() will actually clone the running interpreter and all its state, and run the c... |
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perlform(1) -- Perl formats
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|
Perl has a mechanism to help you generate simple reports and charts. To facilitate this, Perl helps you code up your output page close to how it will look when it's printed. It can keep track of thin... |
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perlfunc(1) -- Perl builtin functions
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|
The functions in this section can serve as terms in an expression. They fall into two major categories: list operators and named unary operators. These differ in their precedence relationship with a f... |
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perlgpl(1) -- the GNU General Public License, version 2
|
|
This is "The GNU General Public License, version 2". It's here so that modules, programs, etc., that want to declare this as their distribution license, can link to it. It is also one of the two li... |
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perlguts(1) -- Introduction to the Perl API
|
|
This document attempts to describe how to use the Perl API, as well as to provide some info on the basic workings of the Perl core. It is far from complete and probably contains many errors. Please re... |
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perlhack(1) -- How to hack at the Perl internals
|
|
This document attempts to explain how Perl development takes place, and ends with some suggestions for people wanting to become bona fide porters. The perl5-porters mailing list is where the Perl stan... |
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perlhist(1) -- the Perl history records
|
|
This document aims to record the Perl source code releases. |
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perlintern(1) -- autogenerated documentation of purely inter- nal Perl functions
|
|
This file is the autogenerated documentation of functions in the Perl interpreter that are documented using Perl's internal documentation format but are not marked as part of the Perl API. In other w... |
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perlintro(1) -- a brief introduction and overview of Perl
|
|
This document is intended to give you a quick overview of the Perl programming language, along with pointers to further documentation. It is intended as a "bootstrap" guide for those who are new to ... |
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perliol(1) -- C API for Perl's implementation of IO in Layers.
|
|
This document describes the behavior and implementation of the PerlIO abstraction described in perlapio when "USE_PERLIO" is defined (and "USE_SFIO" is not). History and Background [Toc] [Ba... |
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perlipc(1) -- Perl interprocess communication (signals, fifos, pipes, safe subprocesses, sockets, and semaphores)
|
|
The basic IPC facilities of Perl are built out of the good old Unix signals, named pipes, pipe opens, the Berkeley socket routines, and SysV IPC calls. Each is used in slightly different situations. |
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perlivp(1) -- Perl Installation Verification Procedure
|
|
The perlivp program is set up at Perl source code build time to test the Perl version it was built under. It can be used after running: make install (or your platform's equivalent procedure) to verif... |
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perljp(1) -- AEuEU,i Perl Y~YxYE `A^a`I`A Perl xIAx3|xOxex|x3x1/2! Perl 5.8.0 xexeicUni- _ codeYuYYi1/4YEx~AcEyxE...
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perlko(1) -- Perlou CN+-13/4i AIAUuu DESCRIPTION _ PerlAC 1/41/4oeci cA1/2A oIA>> E cuCO'I'U ! _ PerlAo 5.8.0AECo...
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perllexwarn(1) -- Perl Lexical Warnings
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|
The "use warnings" pragma is a replacement for both the command line flag -w and the equivalent Perl variable, $^W. The pragma works just like the existing "strict" pragma. This means that the sco... |
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perllocale(1) -- Perl locale handling (internationalization and localization)
|
|
Perl supports language-specific notions of data such as "is this a letter", "what is the uppercase equivalent of this letter", and "which of these letters comes first". These are important issue... |
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perllol(1) -- Manipulating Arrays of Arrays in Perl
|
|
Declaration and Access of Arrays of Arrays The simplest thing to build is an array of arrays (sometimes imprecisely called a list of lists). It's reasonably easy to understand, and almost everything ... |
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perlmod(1) -- Perl modules (packages and symbol tables)
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|
Packages Perl provides a mechanism for alternative namespaces to protect packages from stomping on each other's variables. In fact, there's really no such thing as a global variable in Perl. The pac... |
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perlmodinstall(1) -- Installing CPAN Modules
|
|
You can think of a module as the fundamental unit of reusable Perl code; see perlmod for details. Whenever anyone creates a chunk of Perl code that they think will be useful to the world, they registe... |
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perlmodlib(1) -- constructing new Perl modules and finding existing ones
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perlmodstyle(1) -- Perl module style guide
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|
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perlnewmod(1) -- preparing a new module for distribution
|
|
This document gives you some suggestions about how to go about writing Perl modules, preparing them for distribution, and making them available via CPAN. One of the things that makes Perl really power... |
|
perlnumber(1) -- semantics of numbers and numeric operations in Perl
|
|
This document describes how Perl internally handles numeric values. Perl's operator overloading facility is completely ignored here. Operator overloading allows user-defined behaviors for numbers, su... |
|
perlobj(1) -- Perl objects
|
|
First you need to understand what references are in Perl. See perlref for that. Second, if you still find the following reference work too complicated, a tutorial on object-oriented programming in Per... |
|
perlop(1) -- Perl operators and precedence
|
|
Operator Precedence and Associativity Operator precedence and associativity work in Perl more or less like they do in mathematics. Operator precedence means some operators are evaluated before others.... |
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perlopentut(1) -- tutorial on opening things in Perl
|
|
Perl has two simple, built-in ways to open files: the shell way for convenience, and the C way for precision. The shell way also has 2- and 3-argument forms, which have different semantics for handlin... |
|
perlothrtut(1) -- old tutorial on threads in Perl
|
|
WARNING: This tutorial describes the old-style thread model that was introduced in release 5.005. This model is now deprecated, and will be removed, probably in version 5.10. The interfaces described ... |
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perlpacktut(1) -- tutorial on "pack" and "unpack"
|
|
"pack" and "unpack" are two functions for transforming data according to a user-defined template, between the guarded way Perl stores values and some well-defined representation as might be requir... |
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perlpod(1) -- the Plain Old Documentation format
|
|
Pod is a simple-to-use markup language used for writing documentation for Perl, Perl programs, and Perl modules. Translators are available for converting Pod to various formats like plain text, HTML, ... |
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perlpodspec(1) -- Plain Old Documentation: format specification and notes
|
|
This document is detailed notes on the Pod markup language. Most people will only have to read perlpod to know how to write in Pod, but this document may answer some incidental questions to do with pa... |
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perlport(1) -- Writing portable Perl
|
|
Perl runs on numerous operating systems. While most of them share much in common, they also have their own unique features. This document is meant to help you to find out what constitutes portable Per... |
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perlre(1) -- Perl regular expressions
|
|
This page describes the syntax of regular expressions in Perl. If you haven't used regular expressions before, a quickstart introduction is available in perlrequick, and a longer tutorial introductio... |
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perlref(1) -- Perl references and nested data structures
|
|
Before release 5 of Perl it was difficult to represent complex data structures, because all references had to be symbolic--and even then it was difficult to refer to a variable instead of a symbol tab... |
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perlreftut(1) -- Mark's very short tutorial about references
|
|
One of the most important new features in Perl 5 was the capability to manage complicated data structures like multidimensional arrays and nested hashes. To enable these, Perl 5 introduced a feature c... |
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perlrequick(1) -- Perl regular expressions quick start
|
|
This page covers the very basics of understanding, creating and using regular expressions ('regexes') in Perl. |
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perlreref(1) -- Perl Regular Expressions Reference
|
|
This is a quick reference to Perl's regular expressions. For full information see perlre and perlop, as well as the "SEE ALSO" section in this document. OPERATORS [Toc] [Back] =~ determines t... |
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perlretut(1) -- Perl regular expressions tutorial
|
|
This page provides a basic tutorial on understanding, creating and using regular expressions in Perl. It serves as a complement to the reference page on regular expressions perlre. Regular expressions... |
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perlrun(1) -- how to execute the Perl interpreter
|
|
The normal way to run a Perl program is by making it directly executable, or else by passing the name of the source file as an argument on the command line. (An interactive Perl environment is also po... |
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perlsec(1) -- Perl security
|
|
Perl is designed to make it easy to program securely even when running with extra privileges, like setuid or setgid programs. Unlike most command line shells, which are based on multiple substitution ... |
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perlstyle(1) -- Perl style guide
|
|
Each programmer will, of course, have his or her own preferences in regards to formatting, but there are some general guidelines that will make your programs easier to read, understand, and maintain. ... |
|
perlsub(1) -- Perl subroutines
|
|
Like many languages, Perl provides for user-defined subroutines. These may be located anywhere in the main program, loaded in from other files via the "do", "require", or "use" keywords, or gene... |
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perlsyn(1) -- Perl syntax
|
|
A Perl program consists of a sequence of declarations and statements which run from the top to the bottom. Loops, subroutines and other control structures allow you to jump around within the code. Per... |
|
perlthrtut(1) -- tutorial on threads in Perl
|
|
NOTE: this tutorial describes the new Perl threading flavour introduced in Perl 5.6.0 called interpreter threads, or ithreads for short. In this model each thread runs in its own Perl interpreter, and... |
|
perltie(1) -- how to hide an object class in a simple variable
|
|
Prior to release 5.0 of Perl, a programmer could use dbmopen() to connect an on-disk database in the standard Unix dbm(3x) format magically to a %HASH in their program. However, their Perl was either ... |
|
perltoc(1) -- perl documentation table of contents
|
|
This page provides a brief table of contents for the rest of the Perl documentation set. It is meant to be scanned quickly or grepped through to locate the proper section you're looking for. |
|
perltodo(1) -- Perl TO-DO List
|
|
This is a list of wishes for Perl. Send updates to perl5-porters@perl.org. If you want to work on any of these projects, be sure to check the perl5-porters archives for past ideas, flames, and propaga... |
|
perltooc(1) -- Tom's OO Tutorial for Class Data in Perl
|
|
When designing an object class, you are sometimes faced with the situation of wanting common state shared by all objects of that class. Such class attributes act somewhat like global variables for the... |
|
perltoot(1) -- Tom's object-oriented tutorial for perl
|
|
Object-oriented programming is a big seller these days. Some managers would rather have objects than sliced bread. Why is that? What's so special about an object? Just what is an object anyway? An ob... |
|
perltrap(1) -- Perl traps for the unwary
|
|
The biggest trap of all is forgetting to "use warnings" or use the -w switch; see perllexwarn and perlrun. The second biggest trap is not making your entire program runnable under "use strict". Th... |
|
perltw(1) -- YcAexxxa Perl <
|
|
Awai"O"i Perl aoxN|a! +-q 5.8.0 a(C)9|}(C)l, Perl "a3AExFS1u1/2ao Unicode (,Uoe1/2X) xa'(C), x]3s+-axa'(C)xF3h(C)OxB>>y"tYHY~ao1/2s1/2Xxe|i; CJK (xxxeAu) <>U(C)... |
|
perlunicode(1) -- Unicode support in Perl
|
|
Important Caveats Unicode support is an extensive requirement. While Perl does not implement the Unicode standard or the accompanying technical reports from cover to cover, Perl does support many Unic... |
|
perluniintro(1) -- Perl Unicode introduction
|
|
This document gives a general idea of Unicode and how to use Unicode in Perl. Unicode [Toc] [Back] Unicode is a character set standard which plans to codify all of the writing systems of the wor... |
|
perlutil(1) -- utilities packaged with the Perl distribution
|
|
Along with the Perl interpreter itself, the Perl distribution installs a range of utilities on your system. There are also several utilities which are used by the Perl distribution itself as part of t... |
|
perlvar(1) -- Perl predefined variables
|
|
Predefined Names The following names have special meaning to Perl. Most punctuation names have reasonable mnemonics, or analogs in the shells. Nevertheless, if you wish to use long variable names, you... |
|
perlxs(1) -- XS language reference manual
|
|
Introduction XS is an interface description file format used to create an extension interface between Perl and C code (or a C library) which one wishes to use with Perl. The XS interface is combined w... |
|
perlxstut(1) -- Tutorial for writing XSUBs
|
|
This tutorial will educate the reader on the steps involved in creating a Perl extension. The reader is assumed to have access to perlguts, perlapi and perlxs. This tutorial starts with very simple ex... |
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pfbtops(1) -- translate a PostScript font in .pfb format to ASCII
|
|
pfbtops translates a PostScript font in .pfb format to ASCII. If pfb_file is omitted the pfb file will be read from the standard input. The ASCII format PostScript font will be written on the standard... |
|
pgrep(1) -- find or signal processes by name
|
|
The pgrep command searches the process table on the running system and prints the process IDs of all processes that match the criteria given on the command line. The pkill command searches the process... |
|
pic(1) -- compile pictures for troff or TeX
|
|
This manual page describes the GNU version of pic, which is part of the groff document formatting system. pic compiles descriptions of pictures embedded within troff or TeX input files into commands t... |
|
piconv(1) -- iconv(1), reinvented in perl
|
|
piconv is perl version of iconv, a character encoding converter widely available for various Unixen today. This script was primarily a technology demonstrator for Perl 5.8.0, but you can use piconv in... |
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pkg(1) -- replacement-to-be of pkg_* tools
|
|
pkg is meant to be a replacement of the old pkg_* tools. For the time being, it should only be invoked internally by pkg_add(1), to handle dependencies. |
|
pkg_add(1) -- install software package distributions
|
|
The pkg_add command is used to install packages created with the pkg_create(1) command. Selected packages containing precompiled applications from the /usr/ports tree can be found on the OpenBSD FTP s... |
|
pkg_create(1) -- create binary software package for distribution
|
|
The pkg_create command creates a binary package named pkg-name, for subsequent use with pkg_add(1), pkg_delete(1) and pkg_info(1). pkg-name will traditionally have a .tgz extension, to denote the unde... |
|
pkg_delete(1) -- a utility for deleting previously installed software package distributions
|
|
The pkg_delete command is used to delete packages that have been previously installed with the pkg_add(1) command. Package names may be specified either as the package name itself, or as a filename wh... |
|
pkg_info(1) -- a utility for displaying information on software packages
|
|
The pkg_info command is used to dump out information for packages, as created by pkg_create(1), which may be still packed up or already installed on the system with the pkg_add(1) command. The pkg-nam... |
|
pkill(1) -- find or signal processes by name
|
|
The pgrep command searches the process table on the running system and prints the process IDs of all processes that match the criteria given on the command line. The pkill command searches the process... |
|
pl2pm(1) -- Rough tool to translate Perl4 .pl files to Perl5 .pm modules.
|
|
pl2pm is a tool to aid in the conversion of Perl4-style .pl library files to Perl5-style library modules. Usually, your old .pl file will still work fine and you should only use this tool if you plan ... |
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pmdb(1) -- debugger
|
|
The pmdb utility can be used to see what is happening inside a running process or to catch program crashes and examine the state at the time of the crash. The only way to start pmdb at this moment is ... |
|
pod2html(1) -- convert .pod files to .html files
|
|
Converts files from pod format (see perlpod) to HTML format. |
|
pod2latex(1) -- convert pod documentation to latex format
|
|
"pod2latex" is a program to convert POD format documentation (perlpod) into latex. It can process multiple input documents at a time and either generate a latex file per input document or a single c... |
|
pod2man(1) -- Convert POD data to formatted *roff input
|
|
pod2man is a front-end for Pod::Man, using it to generate *roff input from POD source. The resulting *roff code is suitable for display on a terminal using nroff(1), normally via man(1), or printing u... |
|
pod2text(1) -- Convert POD data to formatted ASCII text
|
|
pod2text is a front-end for Pod::Text and its subclasses. It uses them to generate formatted ASCII text from POD source. It can optionally use either termcap sequences or ANSI color escape sequences t... |
|
pod2usage(1) -- print usage messages from embedded pod docs in files
|
|
pod2usage will read the given input file looking for pod documentation and will print the corresponding usage message. If no input file is specified then standard input is read. pod2usage invokes the ... |
|
podchecker(1) -- check the syntax of POD format documentation files
|
|
podchecker will read the given input files looking for POD syntax errors in the POD documentation and will print any errors it find to STDERR. At the end, it will print a status message indicating the... |
|
podselect(1) -- print selected sections of pod documentation on standard output
|
|
podselect will read the given input files looking for pod documentation and will print out (in raw pod format) all sections that match one ore more of the given section specifications. If no section s... |
|
popd(1) -- a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
|
|
csh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mechanism (see History substitutions), job control facilities (see Jobs), interactive file name and user name completion (see File name co... |
|
pr(1) -- print files
|
|
The pr utility is a printing and pagination filter for text files. When multiple input files are specified, each is read, formatted, and written to standard output. By default, the input is separated ... |
|
praliases(1) -- display system mail aliases
|
|
The praliases utility displays the current system aliases, one per line, in no particular order. The special internal @:@ alias will be displayed if present. The options are as follows: -C Read the sp... |
|
printenv(1) -- print out the environment
|
|
printenv prints out the names and values of the variables in the environment, with one name/value pair per line. If name is specified, only its value is printed. If a name is specified and it is not d... |
|
printf(1) -- formatted output
|
|
printf formats and prints its arguments, after the first, under control of the format. The format is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are simply copied... |
|
procmap(1) -- display process memory map
|
|
The procmap utility lists the virtual memory mappings underlying the given process. The start address of each entry is always given, and, depending on the options given, other information such as the ... |
|
protoize(1) -- automatically add or remove function prototypes
|
|
protoize is an optional part of GNU C. You can use it to add prototypes to a program, thus converting the program to ANSI C in one respect. The companion program unprotoize does the reverse: it remove... |
|
prove(1) -- A command-line tool for running tests against Test::Harness
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|
|
ps(1) -- process status
|
|
The ps utility displays information about active processes. When given no options, ps prints information about processes associated with the controlling terminal. The information displayed is selected... |
|
psbb(1) -- extract bounding box from PostScript document
|
|
psbb reads file which should be a PostScript document conforming to the Document Structuring conventions and looks for a %%BoundingBox comment. If it finds one, it prints a line llx lly urx ury on the... |
|
psed(1) -- a stream editor
|
|
A stream editor reads the input stream consisting of the specified files (or standard input, if none are given), processes is line by line by applying a script consisting of edit commands, and writes ... |
|
pstruct(1) -- Dump C structures as generated from "cc -g
|
|
The following is the old c2ph.doc documentation by Tom Christiansen Date: 25 Jul 91 08:10:21 GMT Once upon a time, I wrote a program called pstruct. It was a perl program that tried... |
|
pts(1) -- Manage AFS protection database
|
|
The pts utility is used to manipulate the contents of the AFS Protection Database, which contains information about users and groups in AFS. Note that the pts utility does not modify the traditional U... |
|
purgestat(1) -- an electronic mail transport agent
|
|
Sendmail sends a message to one or more recipients, routing the message over whatever networks are necessary. Sendmail does internetwork forwarding as necessary to deliver the message to the correct p... |
|
pushd(1) -- a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
|
|
csh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mechanism (see History substitutions), job control facilities (see Jobs), interactive file name and user name completion (see File name co... |
|
pwd(1) -- return working directory name
|
|
The pwd utility prints the absolute pathname of the current working directory to the standard output. Both the Bourne shell (sh(1)) and Korn shell (ksh(1)) have their own built-in version of pwd. The ... |
|
quota(1) -- display disk usage and limits
|
|
quota displays users' disk usage and limits. By default only the user quotas are printed. The options are as follows: -g Print group quotas for the group of which the user is a member. The optional -... |
|
radioctl(1) -- control radio tuners
|
|
The radioctl command displays or sets various variables that affect the radio tuner behavior. If a variable is present on the command line, radioctl prints the current value of this variable for the s... |
|
ranlib(1) -- generate index to archive.
|
|
ranlib generates an index to the contents of an archive, and stores it in the archive. The index lists each symbol defined by a member of an archive that is a relocatable object file. You may use `nm ... |
|
rcp(1) -- remote file copy
|
|
The rcp utility copies files between machines. Each file or directory argument is either a remote file name of the form ``rname@rhost:path'', or a local file name (containing no `:' characters, or ... |
|
rcs(1) -- change RCS file attributes
|
|
rcs creates new RCS files or changes attributes of existing ones. An RCS file contains multiple revisions of text, an access list, a change log, descriptive text, and some control attributes. For rcs ... |
|
rcs2log(1) -- RCS to ChangeLog generator
|
|
The rcs2log utility generates a change log prefix from RCS files (perhaps in the CVS repository) and the ChangeLog (if any). The options are as follows: -c changelog Output a change log prefix to chan... |
|
rcsclean(1) -- clean up working files
|
|
rcsclean removes files that are not being worked on. rcsclean -u also unlocks and removes files that are being worked on but have not changed. For each file given, rcsclean compares the working file a... |
|
rcsdiff(1) -- compare RCS revisions
|
|
rcsdiff runs diff(1) to compare two revisions of each RCS file given. Pathnames matching an RCS suffix denote RCS files; all others denote working files. Names are paired as explained in ci(1). The op... |
|
rcsfreeze(1) -- freeze a configuration of sources checked in under RCS
|
|
rcsfreeze assigns a symbolic revision number to a set of RCS files that form a valid configuration. The idea is to run rcsfreeze each time a new version is checked in. A unique symbolic name (C_number... |
|
rcsintro(1) -- introduction to RCS commands
|
|
The Revision Control System (RCS) manages multiple revisions of files. RCS automates the storing, retrieval, logging, identification, and merging of revisions. RCS is useful for text that is revised f... |
|
rcsmerge(1) -- merge RCS revisions
|
|
rcsmerge incorporates the changes between two revisions of an RCS file into the corresponding working file. Pathnames matching an RCS suffix denote RCS files; all others denote working files. Names ar... |
|
rdist(1) -- remote file distribution client program
|
|
rdist is a program to maintain identical copies of files over multiple hosts. It preserves the owner, group, mode, and mtime of files if possible and can update programs that are executing. rdist read... |
|
rdistd(1) -- remote file distribution server program
|
|
rdistd is the server program for the rdist(1) command. It is normally run by rdist via rsh(1) or ssh(1). The options are as follows: -D Enable debugging messages. Messages are logged via syslog(3). -S... |
|
readlink(1) -- display target of symbolic link on standard output
|
|
The readlink utility when invoked with the pathname of a symbolic link as its argument dereferences the symbolic link and prints the name of target on standard output. If readlink is invoked with an a... |
|
refer(1) -- preprocess bibliographic references for groff
|
|
This file documents the GNU version of refer, which is part of the groff document formatting system. refer copies the contents of filename... to the standard output, except that lines between .[ and .... |
|
rehash(1) -- a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
|
|
csh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mechanism (see History substitutions), job control facilities (see Jobs), interactive file name and user name completion (see File name co... |
|
repeat(1) -- a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
|
|
csh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mechanism (see History substitutions), job control facilities (see Jobs), interactive file name and user name completion (see File name co... |
|
reset(1) -- terminal initialization
|
|
tset initializes terminals. tset first determines the type of terminal that you are using. This determination is done as follows, using the first terminal type found: 1. The terminal argument specifie... |
|
rev(1) -- reverse lines of a file
|
|
The rev utility copies the specified files to the standard output, reversing the order of characters in every line. If no files are specified, the standard input is read. |
|
rksh(1) -- public domain Korn shell
|
|
ksh is a command interpreter intended for both interactive and shell script use. Its command language is a superset of the sh(1) shell language. Shell startup [Toc] [Back] The following options ... |
|
rlog(1) -- print log messages and other information about RCS files
|
|
rlog prints information about RCS files. Pathnames matching an RCS suffix denote RCS files; all others denote working files. Names are paired as explained in ci(1). rlog prints the following informati... |
|
rm(1) -- remove directory entries
|
|
The rm utility attempts to remove the non-directory type files specified on the command line. If the permissions of the file do not permit writing, and the standard input device is a terminal, the use... |
|
rmd160(1) -- calculate a message-digest fingerprint (checksum) for a file
|
|
rmd160 takes as input a message of arbitrary length and produces as output a 160-bit "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally infeasible to prod... |
|
rmdir(1) -- remove directories
|
|
The rmdir utility removes the directory entry specified by each directory argument, provided it is empty. Arguments are processed in the order given. In order to remove both a parent directory and a s... |
|
rpcgen(1) -- RPC protocol compiler
|
|
rpcgen is a tool that generates C code to implement an RPC protocol. The input is a language similar to C known as RPC Language (Remote Procedure Call Language). rpcgen is normally used as in the firs... |
|
rs(1) -- reshape a data array
|
|
rs reads the standard input, interpreting each line as a row of blankseparated entries in an array, transforms the array according to the options, and writes it on the standard output. With no argumen... |
|
rsh(1) -- remote shell
|
|
rsh executes command on hostname. Note: rsh has been deprecated in favor of ssh(1). Use of rsh is discouraged due to the inherent insecurity of host-based authentication. rsh copies its standard input... |
|
rup(1) -- remote status display
|
|
rup displays a summary of the current system status of a particular host or all hosts on the local network. The output shows the current time of day, how long the system has been up, and the load aver... |
|
ruptime(1) -- show host status of local machines
|
|
ruptime gives a status line like uptime(1) for each machine on the local network; these are formed from packets broadcast by each host on the network once a minute. Machines for which no status report... |
|
rusers(1) -- who is logged in to machines on local network
|
|
The rusers command produces output similar to who(1), but for the list of hosts or all machines on the local network. For each host responding to the rusers query, the hostname with the names of the u... |
|
rwall(1) -- send a message to users logged on a host
|
|
The rwall command sends a message to the users logged into the specified host. The message to be sent can be typed in and terminated with EOF or it can be in a file. |
|
rwho(1) -- who is logged in on local machines
|
|
The rwho command produces output similar to who(1), but for all machines on the local network. If no report has been received from a machine for 11 minutes then rwho assumes the machine is down, and d... |
|
s2p(1) -- a stream editor
|
|
A stream editor reads the input stream consisting of the specified files (or standard input, if none are given), processes is line by line by applying a script consisting of edit commands, and writes ... |
|
scp(1) -- secure copy (remote file copy program)
|
|
scp copies files between hosts on a network. It uses ssh(1) for data transfer, and uses the same authentication and provides the same security as ssh(1). Unlike rcp(1), scp will ask for passwords or p... |
|
script(1) -- make typescript of terminal session
|
|
script makes a typescript of everything printed on your terminal. It is useful for students who need a hardcopy record of an interactive session as proof of an assignment, as the typescript file can b... |
|
sectok(1) -- communicate with smartcards using iso7816
|
|
sectok is a command-line-like interface for communicating with smartcards. APDUs can be sent to the card, and results are displayed. Some commands are card-specific, and focus on the Schlumberger Cybe... |
|
sed(1) -- stream editor
|
|
The sed utility reads the specified files, or the standard input if no files are specified, modifying the input as specified by a list of commands. The input is then written to the standard output. A ... |
|
sendbug(1) -- report a bug in OpenBSD
|
|
sendbug is a tool used to submit problem reports (PRs) to the OpenBSD bugs database. sendbug invokes an editor on a problem report template (after filling in some fields with reasonable default values... |
|
sftp(1) -- secure file transfer program
|
|
sftp is an interactive file transfer program, similar to ftp(1), which performs all operations over an encrypted ssh(1) transport. It may also use many features of ssh, such as public key authenticati... |
|
sh(1) -- public domain Bourne shell
|
|
sh is a reimplementation of the Bourne shell, a command interpreter for both interactive and script use. Shell startup [Toc] [Back] The following options can be specified only on the command lin... |
|
sha1(1) -- calculate a message-digest fingerprint (checksum) for a file
|
|
sha1 takes as input a message of arbitrary length and produces as output a 160-bit "fingerprint" or "message digest" of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally infeasible to produc... |
|
shar(1) -- create a shell archive of files
|
|
shar writes an sh(1) shell script to the standard output which will recreate the file hierarchy specified by the command line operands. Directories will be recreated and must be specified before the f... |
|
size(1) -- display object file segment sizes (text, data and bss)
|
|
size displays the text, data and bss segment sizes of the specified file(s) in bytes (in decimal), and the sum of the three segments (in decimal and hexadecimal). If a library (archive) is given, size... |
|
skey(1) -- respond to an OTP challenge
|
|
S/Key is a procedure for using one-time passwords to authenticate access to computer systems. It uses 64 bits of information transformed by the MD4, MD5, SHA1, or RIPEMD-160 algorithms. The user suppl... |
|
skeyaudit(1) -- warn users if their S/Key will soon expire
|
|
skeyaudit searches through the files in /etc/skey for users whose S/Key sequence number is less than limit, and mails them a reminder to run skeyinit(1) soon. The options are as follows: -a Check all ... |
|
skeyinfo(1) -- obtain the next S/Key challenge for a user
|
|
skeyinfo prints out the next S/Key challenge for the specified user or for the current user if no user is specified. The options are as follows: -v Print the hash algorithm as well. |
|
skeyinit(1) -- change password or add user to S/Key authentication system
|
|
skeyinit initializes the system so you can use S/Key onetime passwords to log in. The program will ask you to enter a secret passphrase which is used by skey(1) to generate one-time passwords; enter a... |
|
sleep(1) -- suspend execution for an interval of time
|
|
The sleep utility suspends execution for a minimum of the specified number of seconds. This number must be positive and may contain a decimal fraction. sleep is commonly used to schedule the execution... |
|
slogin(1) -- OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program)
|
|
ssh (SSH client) is a program for logging into a remote machine and for executing commands on a remote machine. It is intended to replace rlogin and rsh, and provide secure encrypted communications be... |
|
soelim(1) -- interpret .so requests in groff input
|
|
soelim reads files and replaces lines of the form .so file by the contents of file. It is useful if files included with so need to be preprocessed. Normally, soelim should be invoked with the -s optio... |
|
sort(1) -- sort or merge text files
|
|
The sort utility sorts text files by lines. Comparisons are based on one or more sort keys extracted from each line of input, and are performed lexicographically. By default, if keys are not given, so... |
|
source(1) -- a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
|
|
csh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mechanism (see History substitutions), job control facilities (see Jobs), interactive file name and user name completion (see File name co... |
|
spell(1) -- find spelling errors
|
|
spell collects words from the named documents and looks them up in a spelling list. Words that neither occur among nor are derivable (by applying certain inflections, prefixes or suffixes) from words ... |
|
splain(1) -- produce verbose warning diagnostics
|
|
The "diagnostics" Pragma This module extends the terse diagnostics normally emitted by both the perl compiler and the perl interpreter, augmenting them with the more explicative and endearing descri... |
|
split(1) -- split a file into pieces
|
|
The split utility reads the given file (or standard input if no file is specified) and breaks it up into files of 1000 lines each. The options are as follows: -b Create smaller files byte_count bytes ... |
|
ssh(1) -- OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program)
|
|
ssh (SSH client) is a program for logging into a remote machine and for executing commands on a remote machine. It is intended to replace rlogin and rsh, and provide secure encrypted communications be... |
|
ssh-add(1) -- adds RSA or DSA identities to the authentication agent
|
|
ssh-add adds RSA or DSA identities to the authentication agent, ssh-agent(1). When run without arguments, it adds the files $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa, $HOME/.ssh/id_dsa and $HOME/.ssh/identity. Alternative fi... |
|
ssh-agent(1) -- authentication agent
|
|
ssh-agent is a program to hold private keys used for public key authentication (RSA, DSA). The idea is that ssh-agent is started in the beginning of an X-session or a login session, and all other wind... |
|
ssh-keygen(1) -- authentication key generation, management and conversion
|
|
ssh-keygen generates, manages and converts authentication keys for ssh(1). ssh-keygen can create RSA keys for use by SSH protocol version 1 and RSA or DSA keys for use by SSH protocol version 2. The t... |
|
ssh-keyscan(1) -- gather ssh public keys
|
|
ssh-keyscan is a utility for gathering the public ssh host keys of a number of hosts. It was designed to aid in building and verifying ssh_known_hosts files. ssh-keyscan provides a minimal interface s... |
|
stop(1) -- a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
|
|
csh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mechanism (see History substitutions), job control facilities (see Jobs), interactive file name and user name completion (see File name co... |
|
strings(1) -- print the strings of printable characters in files
|
|
For each file given, GNU strings prints the printable character sequences that are at least 4 characters long (or the number given with the options below) and are followed by an unprintable character.... |
|
strip(1) -- Discard symbols from object files.
|
|
GNU strip discards all symbols from the object files objfile. The list of object files may include archives. At least one object file must be given. strip modifies the files named in its argument, rat... |
|
stty(1) -- set the options for a terminal device interface
|
|
The stty utility sets or reports on terminal characteristics for the device that is its standard input. If no options or operands are specified, it reports the settings of a subset of characteristics ... |
|
su(1) -- substitute user identity
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su requests the Kerberos password for login (or for ``login.root'', if no login is provided), and switches to that user and group ID after obtaining a Kerberos ticket granting access. A shell is the... |
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sum(1) -- display file checksums and block counts
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The cksum utility writes to the standard output a single line for each input file. The format of this line varies with the algorithm being used as follows: cksum The output line consists of three whit... |
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sup(1) -- software upgrade protocol
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Sup is a program used for upgrading collections of files from other machines to your machine. You execute sup, the client program, which talks over the network using IP/TCP to a file server process. T... |
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suspend(1) -- a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
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csh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mechanism (see History substitutions), job control facilities (see Jobs), interactive file name and user name completion (see File name co... |
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systat(1) -- display system statistics on a CRT
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systat displays various system statistics in a screen oriented fashion using the curses screen display library, curses(3). While systat is running the screen is usually divided into two windows (an ex... |
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systrace(1) -- generate and enforce system call policies
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The systrace utility monitors and controls an application's access to the system by enforcing access policies for system calls. The systrace utility might be used to trace an untrusted application's... |
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tail(1) -- display the last part of a file
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The tail utility displays the contents of file or, by default, its standard input, to the standard output. The display begins at a byte, line, or 512-byte block location in the input. Numbers having a... |
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talk(1) -- talk to another user
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talk is a visual communication program which copies lines from your terminal to that of another user. The command arguments are as follows: -H Don't escape characters with the high bit set. This may ... |
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tar(1) -- tape archiver
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The tar command creates, adds files to, or extracts files from an archive file in ``tar'' format. A tar archive is often stored on a magnetic tape, but can be stored equally well on a floppy, CD-ROM... |
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tbl(1) -- format tables for troff
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tbl is a preprocessor for troff which is used to format tables. These tables are composed from columns that can be independently justified, headings may be placed over single columns or groups of colu... |
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tcopy(1) -- copy and/or verify mag tapes
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tcopy is designed to copy magnetic tapes. The only assumption made about the tape is that there are two tape marks at the end. tcopy with only a source tape (/dev/rst0 by default) specified will print... |
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tee(1) -- pipe fitting
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The tee utility copies standard input to standard output, making a copy in zero or more files. The output is unbuffered. The options are as follows: -a Append the output to the files rather than overw... |
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telnet(1) -- user interface to the TELNET protocol
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The telnet command is used to communicate with another host using the TELNET protocol. If telnet is invoked without the host argument, it enters command mode, indicated by its prompt (telnet>). In thi... |
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test(1) -- condition evaluation utility
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The test utility evaluates the expression and, if it evaluates to true, returns a zero (true) exit status; otherwise it returns 1 (false). If no expression is given, test also returns 1 (false). All o... |
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texi2dvi(1) -- print Texinfo documents
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Run each Texinfo or LaTeX FILE through TeX in turn until all cross-references are resolved, building all indices. The directory containing each FILE is searched for included files. The suffix of FILE ... |
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texindex(1) -- sort Texinfo index files
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Generate a sorted index for each TeX output FILE. Usually FILE... is specified as `foo.??' for a document `foo.texi'. |
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tfmtodit(1) -- create font files for use with groff -Tdvi
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tfmtodit creates a font file for use with groff -Tdvi. tfm_file is the name of the TeX font metric file for the font. map_file is a file giving the groff names for characters in the font; this file sh... |
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tftp(1) -- trivial file transfer program
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tftp is the user interface to the Internet TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), which allows users to transfer files to and from a remote machine. The remote host and port may be specified on the co... |
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tic(1) -- the terminfo entry-description compiler
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The command tic translates a terminfo file from source format into compiled format. The compiled format is necessary for use with the library routines in curses(3). The results are normally placed in ... |
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time(1) -- time command execution
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time executes and times utility. After the utility finishes, time writes the total time elapsed, the time consumed by system overhead, and the time used to execute utility to the standard error stream... |
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tip(1) -- connect to a remote system
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tip and cu establish a full-duplex connection to another machine, giving the appearance of being logged in directly on the remote CPU. It goes without saying that you must have a login on the machine ... |
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tn3270(1) -- full-screen remote login to IBM VM/CMS
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tn3270 permits a full-screen, full-duplex connection from a UNIX machine to an IBM (or compatible) machine. tn3270 gives the appearance of being logged in to the remote machine from an IBM 3270 termin... |
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top(1) -- display and update information about the top CPU processes
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top displays the top processes on the system and periodically updates this information. If standard output is an intelligent terminal (see below) then as many processes as will fit on the terminal scr... |
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touch(1) -- change file access and modification times
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The touch utility sets the modification and access times of files to the current time of day. If the file doesn't exist, it is created with default permissions. The options are as follows: -a Change ... |
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tput(1) -- terminal capability interface
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The tput utility makes terminal-dependent information available to users or shell applications. The options are as follows: -T The terminal name as found in the terminfo database; for example, ``vt100... |
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tr(1) -- translate characters
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The tr utility copies the standard input to the standard output with substitution or deletion of selected characters. The options are as follows: -c Complements the set of characters in string1; for i... |
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troff(1) -- format documents
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This manual page describes the GNU version of troff, which is part of the groff document formatting system. It is highly compatible with Unix troff. Usually it should be invoked using the groff comman... |
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true(1) -- return true value
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The true utility always returns with exit code 0. |
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tset(1) -- terminal initialization
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tset initializes terminals. tset first determines the type of terminal that you are using. This determination is done as follows, using the first terminal type found: 1. The terminal argument specifie... |
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tsort(1) -- topological sort of a directed graph
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tsort takes a list of pairs of node names representing directed arcs in a graph and prints the nodes in topological order on standard output. That is, the input describes a partial ordering relation, ... |
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tty(1) -- return user's terminal name
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The tty utility writes the name of the terminal attached to standard input to standard output. The name that is written is the string returned by ttyname(3). If the standard input is not a terminal, t... |
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ul(1) -- do underlining
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ul reads the named files (or standard input if none are given) and translates occurrences of underscores to the sequence which indicates underlining for the terminal in use, as specified by the enviro... |
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ulimit(1) -- public domain Korn shell
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ksh is a command interpreter intended for both interactive and shell script use. Its command language is a superset of the sh(1) shell language. Shell startup [Toc] [Back] The following options ... |
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uname(1) -- print operating system name
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The uname utility writes symbols representing one or more system characteristics to the standard output. The options are as follows: -a Behave as though all of the options -mnrsv were specified. -m Pr... |
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uncompress(1) -- compress and expand data
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The compress and gzip utilities reduce the size of the named files using adaptive Lempel-Ziv coding. They are functionally identical, but use different algorithms for compression. If invoked as gzip o... |
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unexpand(1) -- expand tabs to spaces, and vice versa
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expand processes the named files or the standard input, writing the standard output with tabs changed into blanks. Backspace characters are preserved into the output and decrement the column count for... |
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unifdef(1) -- remove preprocessor conditionals from code
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The unifdef utility selectively processes conditional cpp(1) directives. It removes from a file both the directives and any additional text that they specify should be removed, while otherwise leaving... |
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uniq(1) -- report or filter out repeated lines in a file
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The uniq utility reads the standard input comparing adjacent lines and writes a copy of each unique input line to the standard output. The second and succeeding copies of identical adjacent input line... |
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units(1) -- conversion program
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The units program converts quantities expressed in various scales to their equivalents in other scales. The units program can only handle multiplicative scale changes. It cannot convert Celsius to Fah... |
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unlimit(1) -- a shell (command interpreter) with C-like syntax
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csh is a command language interpreter incorporating a history mechanism (see History substitutions), job control facilities (see Jobs), interactive file name and user name completion (see File name co... |
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unprotoize(1) -- automatically add or remove function prototypes
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protoize is an optional part of GNU C. You can use it to add prototypes to a program, thus converting the program to ANSI C in one respect. The companion program unprotoize does the reverse: it remove... |
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unvis(1) -- revert a visual representation of data back to original form
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unvis is the inverse function of vis(1). It reverts a visual representation of data back to its original form on standard output. |
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uptime(1) -- show how long system has been running
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The uptime utility displays the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users, and the load average of the system over the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes. This is the ``headi... |
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usbhidaction(1) -- perform actions according to USB HID controls
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usbhidaction can be used to execute commands when certain values appear on HID controls. The normal operation for this program is to read the configuration file and then become a daemon and execute co... |
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usbhidctl(1) -- manipulate USB HID devices
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usbhidctl can be used to output or modify the state of a USB HID (Human Interface Device). If a list of items is present on the command line, then usbhidctl prints the current value of those items for... |
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users(1) -- list current users
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users lists the login names of the users currently on the system, in sorted order, space separated, on a single line. |
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uudecode(1) -- encode/decode a binary file
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The uuencode and uudecode utilities are used to transmit binary files over transmission mediums that do not support formats other than printable ASCII data. b64encode and b64decode are equivalent to r... |
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uuencode(1) -- encode/decode a binary file
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The uuencode and uudecode utilities are used to transmit binary files over transmission mediums that do not support formats other than printable ASCII data. b64encode and b64decode are equivalent to r... |
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vacation(1) -- return ``I am not here'' indication
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vacation returns a message to the sender of a message telling them that you are currently not reading your mail. The intended use is in a .forward file. For example, your .forward file might have: \r... |
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vgrind(1) -- grind nice listings of programs
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vgrind formats the program sources which are arguments in a nice style using troff(1). Comments are placed in italics, keywords in bold face, and the name of the current function is listed down the ma... |
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vi(1) -- text editor
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ex is a line-oriented text editor; vi is a screen-oriented text editor. ex and vi are different interfaces to the same program, and it is possible to switch back and forth during an edit session. view... |
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view(1) -- text editor
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ex is a line-oriented text editor; vi is a screen-oriented text editor. ex and vi are different interfaces to the same program, and it is possible to switch back and forth during an edit session. view... |
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vis(1) -- display non-printable characters in a visual format
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vis is a filter for converting non-printable characters into a visual representation. It differs from cat -v in that the form can be unique and invertible. By default, all non-printing characters exce... |
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w(1) -- display users who are logged on and what they are doing
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The w utility prints a summary of the current activity on the system, including what each user is doing. The first line displays the current time of day, how long the system has been running, the numb... |
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wait(1) -- await process completion
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If invoked with no arguments, the wait utility waits until all existing child processes in the background have terminated. Available operands: pid If a pid operand is specified, and it is the process ... |
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wall(1) -- write a message to users
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wall displays the contents of file, or, by default, its standard input, on the terminals of all currently logged in users. Only the superuser can write on the terminals of users who have chosen to den... |
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wc(1) -- word, line, and byte or character count
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The wc utility reads one or more input text files, and, by default, writes the number of lines, words, and bytes contained in each input file to the standard output. If more than one input file is spe... |
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what(1) -- show what versions of object modules were used to construct a file
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what reads each file and searches for sequences of either the form ``$'' immediately followed by the system name (sysname) as defined by uname(3), or the form ``@(#)'' as inserted by the source co... |
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whatis(1) -- describe what a command is
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whatis looks up a given command and gives the header line from the manual page. You can then use the man(1) command to get more information. whatis will match on a case insensitive basis and for multi... |
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whereis(1) -- locate programs
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The whereis utility checks the standard binary directories for the specified name, printing out the paths of any it finds that are executable by the user. The path searched is the string returned by t... |
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which(1) -- locate a program file (or files) in the path
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which takes a list of names and looks for the files which would be executed had these names been given as commands. Each argument is searched for along the user's path. If the -a flag is given, which... |
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who(1) -- display who is logged in
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The who utility displays a list of all users currently logged on, showing for each user the login name, tty name, the date and time of login, and hostname if not local. The options are as follows: -H ... |
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whoami(1) -- display effective user ID
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The whoami utility has been obsoleted by the id(1) utility, and is equivalent to id -un. The command id -p is suggested for normal interactive use. The whoami utility displays your effective user ID a... |
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whois(1) -- Internet domain name and network number directory service
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The whois utility looks up records in the databases maintained by several Network Information Centers (NICs). The options are as follows: -6 Use the IPv6 Resource Center (6bone) database. It contains ... |
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window(1) -- window environment
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window implements a window environment on ASCII terminals. A window is a rectangular portion of the physical terminal screen associated with a set of processes. Its size and position can be changed by... |
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write(1) -- send a message to another user
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write allows you to communicate with other users, by copying lines from your terminal to theirs. When you run the write command, the user you are writing to gets a message of the form: Message from yo... |
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x99token(1) -- X9.9 software token calculator
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The x99token program is a simple X9.9 software token calculator. The token is initialized by using the -i option. In this mode, x99token requests a key. The key consists of 8 bytes encoded in either h... |
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xargs(1) -- construct argument list(s) and execute utility
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The xargs utility reads space, tab, newline, and end-of-file delimited strings from the standard input and executes the specified utility with the strings as arguments. Any arguments specified on the ... |
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xstr(1) -- extract strings from C programs to implement shared strings
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xstr maintains a file strings into which strings in component parts of a large program are hashed. These strings are replaced with references to this common area. This serves to implement shared const... |
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xsubpp(1) -- compiler to convert Perl XS code into C code
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This compiler is typically run by the makefiles created by ExtUtils::MakeMaker. xsubpp will compile XS code into C code by embedding the constructs necessary to let C functions manipulate Perl values ... |
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yacc(1) -- an LALR(1) parser generator
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yacc reads the grammar specification in the file filename and generates an LR(1) parser for it. The parsers consist of a set of LALR(1) parsing tables and a driver routine written in the C programming... |
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yes(1) -- be repetitively affirmative
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yes outputs expletive, or, by default, ``y'', forever. |
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ypcat(1) -- print the values of all keys in a YP database
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ypcat prints out the values of all keys from the YP database specified by mapname, which may be a map name or a map nickname. The options are as follows: -d domainname Specify a domain other than the ... |
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ypmatch(1) -- print the values of one or more keys in a YP database
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ypmatch prints out the values of one or more keys from the YP database specified by mapname, which may be a map name or a map nickname. The options are as follows: -d domainname Specify a domain other... |
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ypwhich(1) -- return hostname of YP server or map master
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ypwhich tells which YP server supplies YP services to a client, or which is the master for a map. If invoked without arguments, it gives the YP server for the local machine. If host is specified, that... |
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yyfix(1) -- extract tables from y.tab.c
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Programs have historically used a script (often named ``:yyfix'') to extract tables from the yacc(1) generated file y.tab.c. As the names of the tables generated by the current version of yacc are d... |
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zcat(1) -- compress and expand data
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The compress and gzip utilities reduce the size of the named files using adaptive Lempel-Ziv coding. They are functionally identical, but use different algorithms for compression. If invoked as gzip o... |
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zcmp(1) -- compare compressed files
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zcmp and zdiff are filters that invoke cmp(1) or diff(1) respectively to compare compressed files. Such files generally have a ``Z'' or ``gz'' extension (both the compress(1) and gzip(1) formats a... |
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zdiff(1) -- compare compressed files
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zcmp and zdiff are filters that invoke cmp(1) or diff(1) respectively to compare compressed files. Such files generally have a ``Z'' or ``gz'' extension (both the compress(1) and gzip(1) formats a... |
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zegrep(1) -- file pattern searcher
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The grep utilities search the given input files selecting lines that match one or more patterns. By default, a pattern matches an input line if any regular expression (RE) in the pattern matches the i... |
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zfgrep(1) -- file pattern searcher
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The grep utilities search the given input files selecting lines that match one or more patterns. By default, a pattern matches an input line if any regular expression (RE) in the pattern matches the i... |
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zforce(1) -- force gzip files to have a .gz suffix
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The zforce utility renames gzip(1) files to have a `.gz' suffix, so that gzip(1) will not compress them twice. This can be useful if file names were truncated during a file transfer. Files that have ... |
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zgrep(1) -- file pattern searcher
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The grep utilities search the given input files selecting lines that match one or more patterns. By default, a pattern matches an input line if any regular expression (RE) in the pattern matches the i... |
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zmore(1) -- view compressed files on a CRT
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zmore is a filter that allows the viewing of files compressed with Lempel-Ziv encoding. Such files generally have a ``Z'' or ``gz'' extension (both the compress(1) and gzip(1) formats are supporte... |
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znew(1) -- convert compressed files to gzipped files
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The znew utility uncompresses files compressed by compress(1) and recompresses them with gzip(1). The options are as follows: -f Overwrite existing `.gz' files. Unless this option is specified, znew ... |
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[(1) -- condition evaluation utility
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The test utility evaluates the expression and, if it evaluates to true, returns a zero (true) exit status; otherwise it returns 1 (false). If no expression is given, test also returns 1 (false). All o... |
