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addftinfo(1) -- add information to troff font files for use with groff

addftinfo reads a troff font file and adds some additional font-metric information that is used by the groff system. The font file with the information added is written on the standard output. The inf...

addr2line(1) -- convert addresses into file names and line numbers.

addr2line translates program addresses into file names and line numbers. Given an address and an executable, it uses the debugging information in the executable to figure out which file name and line ...

afmtodit(1) -- create font files for use with groff -Tps

afmtodit creates a font file for use with groff and grops. afmtodit is written in perl; you must have perl version 3 or newer installed in order to run afmtodit. afm_file is the AFM (Adobe Font Metric...

alias(1) -- shell builtin commands

Shell builtin commands are commands that can be executed within the running shell's process. Note that, in the case of csh(1) builtin commands, the command is executed in a subshell if it occurs as a...

alloc(1) -- shell builtin commands

apply(1) -- apply a command to a set of arguments

The apply utility runs the named command on each argument argument in turn. Character sequences of the form ``%d'' in command, where `d' is a digit from 1 to 9, are replaced by the d'th following ...

apropos(1) -- search the whatis database

apropos searches a set of database files containing short descriptions of system commands for keywords and displays the result on the standard output. whatis displays only complete word matches. keywo...

ar(1) -- create, modify, and extract from archives

The GNU ar program creates, modifies, and extracts from archives. An archive is a single file holding a collection of other files in a structure that makes it possible to retrieve the original individ...

as(1) -- the portable GNU assembler.

GNU as is really a family of assemblers. If you use (or have used) the GNU assembler on one architecture, you should find a fairly similar environment when you use it on another architecture. Each ver...

asa(1) -- interpret carriage-control characters

The asa utility reads files sequentially, mapping FORTRAN carriage-control characters to line-printer control sequences, and writes them to the standard output. The first character of each line is int...

at(1) -- queue, examine or delete jobs for later execution

The at and batch utilities read commands from standard input or a specified file which are to be executed at a later time, using sh(1). at executes commands at a specified time; atq lists the user's ...

atq(1) -- queue, examine or delete jobs for later execution

atrm(1) -- queue, examine or delete jobs for later execution

awk(1) -- pattern-directed scanning and processing language

Awk scans each input file for lines that match any of a set of patterns specified literally in prog or in one or more files specified as -f progfile. With each pattern there can be an associated actio...

b64decode(1) -- encode/decode a binary file

The uuencode and uudecode utilities are used to transmit binary files over transmission mediums that do not support other than simple ASCII data. The b64encode utility is synonymous with uuencode with...

b64encode(1) -- encode/decode a binary file

basename(1) -- return filename or directory portion of pathname

The basename utility deletes any prefix ending with the last slash `/' character present in string (after first stripping trailing slashes), and a suffix, if given. The suffix is not stripped if it i...

batch(1) -- queue, examine or delete jobs for later execution

bc(1) -- An arbitrary precision calculator language

bc is a language that supports arbitrary precision numbers with interactive execution of statements. There are some similarities in the syntax to the C programming language. A standard math library is...

bdes(1) -- encrypt/decrypt using the Data Encryption Standard (DES)

The bdes utility implements all DES modes of operation described in FIPS PUB 81, including alternative cipher feedback mode and both authentication modes. The bdes utility reads from the standard inpu...

bg(1) -- shell builtin commands

biff(1) -- be notified if mail arrives and who it is from

The biff utility informs the system whether you want to be notified on your terminal when mail arrives. Affected is the first terminal associated with the standard input, standard output or standard e...

bind(1) -- shell builtin commands

bindkey(1) -- shell builtin commands

brandelf(1) -- mark an ELF binary for a specific ABI

This command marks an ELF binary to be run under a certain ABI for FreeBSD. The options are as follows: -f ELF_ABI_number forces branding with the supplied ELF ABI number. Incompatible with the -t opt...

break(1) -- shell builtin commands

breaksw(1) -- shell builtin commands

bsnmpd(1) -- simple and extendable SNMP daemon

The snmpd daemon servers the internet SNMP (Simple Network Managment Protocol). It is intended to server only the absolute basic MIBs and implement all other MIBs through loadable modules. In this way...

bthost(1) -- look up Bluetooth host names and Protocol Service Multiplexor values

The bthost utility looks for information about Bluetooth hosts and Protocol Service Multiplexor (PSM) values. It gets this information from the /etc/bluetooth/hosts and /etc/bluetooth/protocols files....

btsockstat(1) -- show Bluetooth sockets information

The btsockstat utility symbolically displays the contents of various Bluetooth sockets related data structures. There are few output formats, depending on the options for the information presented. Th...

builtin(1) -- shell builtin commands

builtins(1) -- shell builtin commands

bunzip2(1) -- a block-sorting file compressor, v1.0.2

bzip2 compresses files using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text compression algorithm, and Huffman coding. Compression is generally considerably better than that achieved by more conventional LZ77...

byacc(1) -- an LALR(1) parser generator

The yacc utility reads the grammar specification in the file filename and generates an LR(1) parser for it. The parsers consist of a set of LALR(1) parsing tables and a driver routine written in the C...

bzcat(1) -- decompresses files to stdout

bzegrep(1) -- print lines matching a pattern

grep searches the named input FILEs (or standard input if no files are named, or the file name - is given) for lines containing a match to the given PATTERN. By default, grep prints the matching lines...

bzfgrep(1) -- print lines matching a pattern

bzgrep(1) -- print lines matching a pattern

bzip2(1) -- a block-sorting file compressor, v1.0.2

c++(1) -- GNU project C and C++ Compiler (gcc-3.2.1)

The C and C++ compilers are integrated. Both process input files through one or more of four stages: preprocessing, compilation, assembly, and linking. Source filename suffixes identify the source lan...

c89(1) -- POSIX.2 C language compiler

This is the name of the C language compiler as required by the IEEE Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'') standard. The c89 compiler accepts the following options: -c Suppress the link-edit phase of the compilat...

c99(1) -- standard C language compiler

This is the name of the C language compiler as required by the IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 (``POSIX.1'') standard. The c99 compiler accepts the following options: -c Suppress the link-edit phase of the com...

cal(1) -- displays a calendar and the date of easter

The cal utility displays a simple calendar in traditional format and ncal offers an alternative layout, more options and the date of easter. The new format is a little cramped but it makes a year fit ...

calendar(1) -- reminder service

The calendar utility checks the current directory for a file named calendar and displays lines that begin with either today's date or tomorrow's. On the day before a weekend (normally Friday), event...

cap_mkdb(1) -- create capability database

The cap_mkdb utility builds a hashed database out of the getcap(3) logical database constructed by the concatenation of the specified files. The database is named by the basename of the first file arg...

case(1) -- shell builtin commands

cat(1) -- concatenate and print files

The cat utility reads files sequentially, writing them to the standard output. The file operands are processed in command-line order. If file is a single dash (`-') or absent, cat reads from the stan...

catman(1) -- preformat man pages

The catman utility preformats all the man pages in directories using the nroff -man command. Directories may be separated by colons instead of spaces. If no directories are specified, the contents of ...

cc(1) -- GNU project C and C++ Compiler (gcc-3.2.1)

CC(1) -- GNU project C and C++ Compiler (gcc-3.2.1)

cd(1) -- shell builtin commands

cdcontrol(1) -- compact disc control utility

The cdcontrol utility is a program to control audio features of a CD drive. The device is a name such as cd0 or acd0. If no command is given, then cdcontrol enters an interactive mode, reading command...

chdir(1) -- shell builtin commands

checknr(1) -- check nroff/troff files

The checknr utility checks a list of nroff(1) or troff(1) input files for certain kinds of errors involving mismatched opening and closing delimiters and unknown commands. If no files are specified, c...

chflags(1) -- change file flags

The chflags utility modifies the file flags of the listed files as specified by the flags operand. The options are as follows: -H If the -R option is specified, symbolic links on the command line are ...

chfn(1) -- add or change user database information

The chpass utility allows editing of the user database information associated with user or, by default, the current user. The chfn, chsh, ypchpass, ypchfn and ypchsh utilities behave identically to ch...

chgrp(1) -- change group

The chgrp utility sets the group ID of the file named by each file operand to the group ID specified by the group operand. The following options are available: -H If the -R option is specified, symbol...

chio(1) -- medium changer control utility

The chio utility is used to control the operation of medium changers, such as those found in tape and optical disk jukeboxes. The options are as follows: -f changer Use the device changer rather than ...

chkey(1) -- change your encryption key

The chkey utility prompts the user for their login password, and uses it to encrypt a new encryption key for the user to be stored in the publickey(5) database.

chmod(1) -- change file modes

The chmod utility modifies the file mode bits of the listed files as specified by the mode operand. The options are as follows: -f Do not display a diagnostic message if chmod could not modify the mod...

chpass(1) -- add or change user database information

chsh(1) -- add or change user database information

ci(1) -- check in RCS revisions

ci stores new revisions into RCS files. Each pathname matching an RCS suffix is taken to be an RCS file. All others are assumed to be working files containing new revisions. ci deposits the contents o...

ckdist(1) -- check software distributions

The ckdist utility reads "checksum" files (which are assumed to specify components of a software distribution) and verifies the integrity of the distribution by validating the checksum of each compo...

cksum(1) -- display file checksums and block counts

The cksum utility writes to the standard output three whitespace separated fields for each input file. These fields are a checksum CRC, the total number of octets in the file and the file name. If no ...

clear(1) -- terminal capability interface

The tput utility makes terminal-dependent information available to users or shell applications. When invoked as the clear utility, the screen will be cleared as if tput clear had been executed. The op...

cmp(1) -- compare two files

The cmp utility compares two files of any type and writes the results to the standard output. By default, cmp is silent if the files are the same; if they differ, the byte and line number at which the...

co(1) -- check out RCS revisions

co retrieves a revision from each RCS file and stores it into the corresponding working file. Pathnames matching an RCS suffix denote RCS files; all others denote working files. Names are paired as ex...

col(1) -- filter reverse line feeds from input

The col utility filters out reverse (and half reverse) line feeds so that the output is in the correct order with only forward and half forward line feeds, and replaces white-space characters with tab...

colcrt(1) -- filter nroff output for CRT previewing

The colcrt utility provides virtual half-line and reverse line feed sequences for terminals without such capability, and on which overstriking is destructive. Half-line characters and underlining (cha...

colldef(1) -- convert collation sequence source definition

The colldef utility converts a collation sequence source definition into a format usable by the strxfrm() and strcoll() functions. It is used to define the many ways in which strings can be ordered an...

colrm(1) -- remove columns from a file

The colrm utility removes selected columns from the lines of a file. A column is defined as a single character in a line. Input is read from the standard input. Output is written to the standard outpu...

column(1) -- columnate lists

The column utility formats its input into multiple columns. Rows are filled before columns. Input is taken from file operands, or, by default, from the standard input. Empty lines are ignored. The opt...

comm(1) -- select or reject lines common to two files

The comm utility reads file1 and file2, which should be sorted lexically, and produces three text columns as output: lines only in file1; lines only in file2; and lines in both files. The filename ``-...

command(1) -- shell builtin commands

compile_et(1) -- error table compiler

Compile_et converts a table listing error-code names and associated messages into a C source file suitable for use with the com_err(3) library. The source file name must end with a suffix of ``.et''...

complete(1) -- shell builtin commands

compress(1) -- compress and expand data

The compress utility reduces the size of the named files using adaptive Lempel-Ziv coding. Each file is renamed to the same name plus the extension ``.Z''. As many of the modification time, access t...

continue(1) -- shell builtin commands

cp(1) -- copy files

In the first synopsis form, the cp utility copies the contents of the source_file to the target_file. In the second synopsis form, the contents of each named source_file is copied to the destination t...

cpio(1) -- copy files to and from archives

This manual page documents the GNU version of cpio. cpio copies files into or out of a cpio or tar archive, which is a file that contains other files plus information about them, such as their file na...

cpp(1) -- The GNU C-Compatible Compiler Preprocessor.

The C preprocessor is a macro processor that is used automatically by the C compiler to transform your program before actual compilation. It is called a macro processor because it allows you to define...

crontab(1) -- maintain crontab files for individual users (V3)

The crontab utility is the program used to install, deinstall or list the tables used to drive the cron(8) daemon in Vixie Cron. Each user can have their own crontab, and though these are files in /va...

crunchgen(1) -- generates build environment for a crunched binary

A crunched binary is a program made up of many other programs linked together into a single executable. The crunched binary main() function determines which component program to run by the contents of...

crunchide(1) -- hides symbol names from ld, for crunching programs together

The crunchide utility hides the global symbols of object-file such that they are ignored by subsequent runs of the linker, ld(1). Some symbols may be left visible via the -k keep-symbol and -f keep-li...

crypt(1) -- very simple file encryption

The enigma utility, also known as crypt is a very simple encryption program, working on a ``secret-key'' basis. It operates as a filter, i. e. it encrypts or decrypts a stream of data from standard ...

csh(1) -- C shell with file name completion and command line editing

tcsh is an enhanced but completely compatible version of the Berkeley UNIX C shell, csh(1). It is a command language interpreter usable both as an interactive login shell and a shell script command pr...

csplit(1) -- split files based on context

The csplit utility splits file into pieces using the patterns args. If file is a dash (`-'), csplit reads from standard input. The options are as follows: -f prefix Give created files names beginning...

ctags(1) -- create a tags file

The ctags utility makes a tags file for ex(1) from the specified C, Pascal, Fortran, yacc(1), lex(1), and Lisp sources. A tags file gives the locations of specified objects in a group of files. Each l...

ctm(1) -- source code mirror program

The ctm utility was originally ``Cvs Through eMail'', but now instead it seems more fitting to call it ``Current Through eMail''. The ctm utility is now meant to be the definitive way to make and ...

ctm_dequeue(1) -- send and receive ctm(1) deltas via mail

In conjunction with the ctm(1) command, ctm_smail, ctm_dequeue and ctm_rmail are used to distribute changes to a source tree via email. The ctm_smail utility is given a compressed ctm delta, and a mai...

ctm_rmail(1) -- send and receive ctm(1) deltas via mail

ctm_smail(1) -- send and receive ctm(1) deltas via mail

cu(1) -- connect to a remote system

The tip and cu utilities establish a full-duplex connection to another machine, giving the appearance of being logged in directly on the remote CPU. It goes without saying that you must have a login o...

cursor(1) -- set cursor shape for the pcvt VT220 video driver

The cursor utility allows the user to set the cursor shape in a given virtual screen of the above mentioned driver. The options are as follows: -d Specifies a device for which the cursor shape is set....

cut(1) -- select portions of each line of a file

The cut utility selects portions of each line (as specified by list) from each file and writes them to the standard output. If no file arguments are specified, or a file argument is a single dash (`-...

cvs(1) -- Concurrent Versions System

CVS is a version control system, which allows you to keep old versions of files (usually source code), keep a log of who, when, and why changes occurred, etc., like RCS or SCCS. Unlike the simpler sys...

date(1) -- display or set date and time

When invoked without arguments, the date utility displays the current date and time. Otherwise, depending on the options specified, date will set the date and time or print it in a user-defined way. T...

dc(1) -- an arbitrary precision calculator

Dc is a reverse-polish desk calculator which supports unlimited precision arithmetic. It also allows you to define and call macros. Normally dc reads from the standard input; if any command arguments ...

dd(1) -- convert and copy a file

The dd utility copies the standard input to the standard output. Input data is read and written in 512-byte blocks. If input reads are short, input from multiple reads are aggregated to form the outpu...

default(1) -- shell builtin commands

df(1) -- display free disk space

The df utility displays statistics about the amount of free disk space on the specified file system or on the file system of which file is a part. Values are displayed in 512-byte per block counts. If...

dialog(1) -- display dialog boxes from shell scripts

Dialog is a program which allows you to present a variety of questions or display messages in dialog box form from a shell script. The following types of dialog objects are currently supported: yes/no...

diff(1) -- find differences between two files

In the simplest case, diff compares the contents of the two files from- file and to-file. A file name of - stands for text read from the standard input. As a special case, diff - - compares a copy of ...

diff3(1) -- find differences between three files

The diff3 command compares three files and outputs descriptions of their differences. The files to compare are mine, older, and yours. At most one of these three file names may be -, which tells diff3...

dig(1) -- send domain name query packets to name servers

Dig (domain information groper) is a flexible command line tool which can be used to gather information from the Domain Name System servers. Dig has two modes: simple interactive mode for a single que...

dirname(1) -- return filename or directory portion of pathname

dirs(1) -- shell builtin commands

dnskeygen(1) -- generate public, private, and shared secret keys for DNS Security

Dnskeygen (DNS Key Generator) is a tool to generate and maintain keys for DNS Security within the DNS (Domain Name System). Dnskeygen can generate public and private keys to authenticate zone data, an...

dnsquery(1) -- query domain name servers using resolver

The dnsquery program is a general interface to nameservers via BIND resolver library calls. The program supports queries to the nameserver with an opcode of QUERY. This program is intended to be a rep...

do(1) -- shell builtin commands

domainname(1) -- set or print name of current YP/NIS domain

The domainname utility prints the name of the current YP/NIS domain. The super-user can set the domain name by supplying an argument; this is usually done in the network initialization script /etc/rc....

done(1) -- shell builtin commands

doscmd(1) -- run a subset of real-mode DOS programs

The doscmd utility can either emulate a subset of DOS and run the single command cmd args, or it can be used to emulate a PC and boot DOS, which allows it to run a larger variety of DOS applications. ...

dtmfdecode(1) -- decodes DTMF tones from A-law audio data

The dtmfdecode utility is part of the isdn4bsd package and is used to detect DTMF tones in the audio stream. It reads audio G.711 A-Law coded data from stdin and outputs the detected numbers values as...

du(1) -- display disk usage statistics

The du utility displays the file system block usage for each file argument and for each directory in the file hierarchy rooted in each directory argument. If no file is specified, the block usage of t...

echo(1) -- write arguments to the standard output

The echo utility writes any specified operands, separated by single blank (` ') characters and followed by a newline (`\n') character, to the standard output. The following option is available: -n ...

echotc(1) -- shell builtin commands

ed(1) -- text editor

The ed utility is a line-oriented text editor. It is used to create, display, modify and otherwise manipulate text files. When invoked as red, the editor runs in "restricted" mode, in which the only...

edit(1) -- easy editor

The ee utility is a simple screen oriented text editor. It is always in text insertion mode unless there is a prompt at the bottom of the terminal, or a menu present (in a box in the middle of the ter...

ee(1) -- easy editor

egrep(1) -- print lines matching a pattern

elfdump(1) -- display information about ELF files

The elfdump utility dumps various information about the specified ELF file. The options are as follows: -a Dump all information. -c Dump shared headers. -d Dump dynamic symbols. -e Dump ELF header. -G...

elif(1) -- shell builtin commands

else(1) -- shell builtin commands

end(1) -- shell builtin commands

endif(1) -- shell builtin commands

endsw(1) -- shell builtin commands

enigma(1) -- very simple file encryption

env(1) -- set and print environment

The env utility executes utility after modifying the environment as specified on the command line. The option name=value specifies an environment variable, name, with a value of value. The options are...

eqn(1) -- format equations for troff

This manual page describes the GNU version of eqn, which is part of the groff document formatting system. eqn compiles descriptions of equations embedded within troff input files into commands that ar...

esac(1) -- shell builtin commands

eval(1) -- shell builtin commands

ex(1) -- text editors

Vi is a screen oriented text editor. Ex is a line-oriented text editor. Ex and vi are different interfaces to the same program, and it is possible to switch back and forth during an edit session. View...

exec(1) -- shell builtin commands

exit(1) -- shell builtin commands

expand(1) -- expand tabs to spaces, and vice versa

The expand utility processes the named files or the standard input writing the standard output with tabs changed into blanks. Backspace characters are preserved into the output and decrement the colum...

export(1) -- shell builtin commands

expr(1) -- evaluate expression

The expr utility evaluates expression and writes the result on standard output. All operators and operands must be passed as separate arguments. Several of the operators have special meaning to comman...

f77(1) -- GNU project Fortran 77 compiler

The g77 command supports all the options supported by the gcc command. All gcc and g77 options are accepted both by g77 and by gcc (as well as any other drivers built at the same time, such as g++), s...

false(1) -- return false value

The false utility always returns with a non-zero exit code. Some shells may provide a builtin false command which is identical to this utility. Consult the builtin(1) manual page.

fc(1) -- shell builtin commands

fdformat(1) -- format floppy disks

The fdformat utility formats a floppy disk at device, where device may either be given as a full path name of a device node for a floppy disk drive (e.g. /dev/fd0), or using an abbreviated name that w...

fdread(1) -- read floppy disks

The fdread utility reads floppy disks. Effective read blocking based on the track size is performed, and floppy-specific error recovery of otherwise bad blocks can be enabled. The fdread utility will ...

fdwrite(1) -- format and write floppy disks

The fdwrite utility formats and writes one and more floppy disks. Any floppy disk device capable of formatting can be used. The fdwrite utility will ask the user (on /dev/tty) to insert a new floppy a...

fetch(1) -- retrieve a file by Uniform Resource Locator

The fetch utility provides a command-line interface to the fetch(3) library. Its purpose is to retrieve the file(s) pointed to by the URL(s) on the command line. The following options are available: -...

fg(1) -- shell builtin commands

fgrep(1) -- print lines matching a pattern

fi(1) -- shell builtin commands

file(1) -- determine file type

This manual page documents version 3.41 of the file utility which tests each argument in an attempt to classify it. There are three sets of tests, performed in this order: file system tests, magic num...

file2c(1) -- convert file to c-source

The file2c utility reads a file from stdin and writes it to stdout, converting each byte to its decimal representation on the fly. If the first [string] is present, it is printed before the data; if t...

filetest(1) -- shell builtin commands

find(1) -- walk a file hierarchy

The find utility recursively descends the directory tree for each pathname listed, evaluating an expression (composed of the ``primaries'' and ``operands'' listed below) in terms of each file in t...

finger(1) -- user information lookup program

The finger utility displays information about the system users. Options are: -4 Forces finger to use IPv4 addresses only. -6 Forces finger to use IPv6 addresses only. -s Display the user's login name...

flex(1) -- fast lexical analyzer generator

flex is a tool for generating scanners: programs which recognize lexical patterns in text. flex reads the given input files, or its standard input if no file names are given, for a description of a sc...

flex++(1) -- fast lexical analyzer generator

fmt(1) -- simple text formatter

The fmt utility is a simple text formatter which reads the concatenation of input files (or standard input if none are given) and produces on standard output a version of its input with lines as close...

fold(1) -- fold long lines for finite width output device

The fold utility is a filter which folds the contents of the specified files, or the standard input if no files are specified, breaking the lines to have a maximum of 80 columns. The options are as fo...

fontedit(1) -- edit fonts

The fontedit utility is used to edit the down line reloadable character set (DRCS) of a VT220 terminal. The editor has two display areas, one for displaying the entry currently being manipulated, and ...

for(1) -- shell builtin commands

foreach(1) -- shell builtin commands

from(1) -- print names of those who have sent mail

The from utility prints out the mail header lines from the invoker's mailbox. The following options are available: -c Just print a count of messages and exit. -f file The supplied file is examined in...

fstat(1) -- identify active files

The fstat utility identifies open files. A file is considered open by a process if it was explicitly opened, is the working directory, root directory, active executable text, or kernel trace file for ...

fsync(1) -- synchronize a file's in-core state with that on disk

The fsync utility causes all the modified data and meta-data of all the files named on the command line to be written to a permanent storage device. The fsync utility uses the fsync(2) function call.

ftp(1) -- Internet file transfer program

ftp is the user interface to the Internet standard File Transfer Protocol. The program allows a user to transfer files to and from a remote network site. The last five arguments will fetch a file usin...

g++(1) -- GNU project C and C++ Compiler (gcc-3.2.1)

g711conv(1) -- conversions according to G.711

The g711conv utility is part of the isdn4bsd package and is used to convert between the A-Law and u-law formats as specified in ITU G.711. It is based on a freely available and freely usable reference...

gasp(1) -- the GNU Assembler Macro Preprocessor

gasp is the GNU Assembler Macro Preprocessor. The argument infile is processed and the resulting text is sent to the standard output. The options are as follows: -a Enter enter alternate macro mode. A...

gate-ftp(1) -- Internet file transfer program

gcc(1) -- GNU project C and C++ Compiler (gcc-3.2.1)

gcore(1) -- get core images of running process

The gcore utility creates a core image of the specified process, suitable for use with gdb(1). By default, the core is written to the file ``core.''. The process identifier, pid, must be given ...

gcov(1) -- coverage testing tool

gcov is a test coverage program. Use it in concert with GCC to analyze your programs to help create more efficient, faster running code. You can use gcov as a profiling tool to help discover where you...

gdb(1) -- The GNU Debugger

The purpose of a debugger such as GDB is to allow you to see what is going on ``inside'' another program while it executes--or what another program was doing at the moment it crashed. GDB can do fou...

gencat(1) -- NLS catalog compiler

The gencat utility merges the text NLS input files input-files... into a formatted message catalog file output-file. The file output-file will be created if it does not already exist. If output-file d...

gensnmptree(1) -- generate C and header files from a MIB description file

The gensnmptree utility is used to either generate C language tables and header files from a MIB description or to numeric OIDs from MIB descriptions. The first form is used only for maintaining the s...

getconf(1) -- retrieve standard configuration variables

The getconf utility prints the value of a POSIX or X/Open path or system configuration variable to the standard output. If the specified variable is undefined, the string ``undefined'' is output. Th...

getfacl(1) -- get ACL information

The getfacl utility writes discretionary access control information associated with the specified file(s) to standard output. If the getconf(1) utility indicates that {_POSIX_ACL_EXTENDED} is not in e...

getNAME(1) -- get name sections from manual pages

The getNAME utility get name sections from manual pages. Without options getNAME building apropos(1) database entries. The options are as follows: -i For building intro entries. -t For building toc. -...

getopt(1) -- parse command options

The getopt utility is used to break up options in command lines for easy parsing by shell procedures, and to check for legal options. Optstring is a string of recognized option letters (see getopt(3))...

getopts(1) -- shell builtin commands

glob(1) -- shell builtin commands

goto(1) -- shell builtin commands

gperf(1) -- generate a perfect hash function from a key set

GNU `gperf' generates perfect hash functions. If a long option shows an argument as mandatory, then it is mandatory for the equivalent short option also. Input file interpretation: -e, --delimiters=D...

gprof(1) -- display call graph profile data

The gprof utility produces an execution profile of C, Pascal, or Fortran77 programs. The effect of called routines is incorporated in the profile of each caller. The profile data is taken from the cal...

grep(1) -- print lines matching a pattern

grn(1) -- groff preprocessor for gremlin files

grn is a preprocessor for including gremlin pictures in groff input. grn writes to standard output, processing only input lines between two that start with .GS and .GE. Those lines must contain grn co...

grodvi(1) -- convert groff output to TeX dvi format

grodvi is a driver for groff that produces TeX dvi format. Normally it should be run by groff -Tdvi. This will run troff -Tdvi; it will also input the macros in /usr/share/tmac/dvi.tmac. The dvi file ...

groff(1) -- front-end for the groff document formatting system

This document describes the groff program, the main front-end for the groff document formatting system. The groff program and macro suite is the implementation of a roff(7) system within the free soft...

grog(1) -- guess options for groff command

grog reads files and guesses which of the groff(1) options -e, -man, -me, -mm, -mom, -ms, -mdoc, -mdoc-old, -p, -R, -g, -G, -s, and -t are required for printing files, and prints the groff command inc...

grolbp(1) -- groff driver for Canon CAPSL printers (LBP-4 and LBP-8 series laser printers).

grolbp is a driver for groff that produces output in CAPSL and VDM format suitable for Canon LBP-4 and LBP-8 printers. For compatibility with grolj4 there is an additional drawing command available: ...

grolj4(1) -- groff driver for HP Laserjet 4 family

grolj4 is a driver for groff that produces output in PCL5 format suitable for an HP Laserjet 4 printer. There is an additional drawing command available: \D'R dh dv' Draw a rule (solid black rectan...

grops(1) -- PostScript driver for groff

grops translates the output of GNU troff to PostScript. Normally grops should be invoked by using the groff command with a -Tps option. (Actually, this is the default for groff.) If no files are given...

grotty(1) -- groff driver for typewriter-like devices

grotty translates the output of GNU troff into a form suitable for typewriter-like devices. Normally grotty should be invoked by using the groff command with a -Tascii, -Tlatin1, -Tkoi8-r or -Tutf8 op...

groups(1) -- show group memberships

The groups utility has been obsoleted by the id(1) utility, and is equivalent to ``id -Gn [user]''. The command ``id -p'' is suggested for normal interactive use. The groups utility displays the g...

gunzip(1) -- compress or expand files

Gzip reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding (LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the extension .gz, while keeping the same ownership modes, access and modi...

gzcat(1) -- compress or expand files

gzexe(1) -- compress executable files in place

The gzexe utility allows you to compress executables in place and have them automatically uncompress and execute when you run them (at a penalty in performance). For example if you execute ``gzexe /bi...

gzip(1) -- compress or expand files

hash(1) -- shell builtin commands

hashstat(1) -- shell builtin commands

hd(1) -- ASCII, decimal, hexadecimal, octal dump

The hexdump utility is a filter which displays the specified files, or the standard input, if no files are specified, in a user specified format. The options are as follows: -b One-byte octal display....

head(1) -- display first lines of a file

This filter displays the first count lines or bytes of each of the specified files, or of the standard input if no files are specified. If count is omitted it defaults to 10. If more than a single fil...

hesinfo(1) -- find out what is stored in the Hesiod database

The hesinfo utility takes two arguments, a name to be resolved and a string, known as a HesiodNameType. It then prints the information returned by the Hesiod nameserver. The value returned by hesinfo ...

hexdump(1) -- ASCII, decimal, hexadecimal, octal dump

history(1) -- shell builtin commands

host(1) -- look up host names using domain server

Host looks for information about Internet hosts. It gets this information from a set of interconnected servers that are spread across the world. By default, it simply converts between host names and I...

hostname(1) -- set or print name of current host system

The hostname utility prints the name of the current host. The super-user can set the hostname by supplying an argument; this is usually done in the network initialization script /etc/rc.network, norma...

hpftodit(1) -- create font description files for use with groff -Tlj4

hpftodit creates a font file for use with groff -Tlj4 from an HP tagged font metric file. tfm_file is the name of the tagged font metric file for the font. map_file is a file giving the groff names fo...

hup(1) -- shell builtin commands

id(1) -- return user identity

The id utility displays the user and group names and numeric IDs, of the calling process, to the standard output. If the real and effective IDs are different, both are displayed, otherwise only the re...

ident(1) -- identify RCS keyword strings in files

ident searches for all instances of the pattern $keyword: text $ in the named files or, if no files are named, the standard input. These patterns are normally inserted automatically by the RCS command...

idprio(1) -- execute, examine or modify a utility's or process's realtime or idletime scheduling priority

The rtprio utility is used for controlling realtime process scheduling. The idprio utility is used for controlling idletime process scheduling, and can be called with the same options as rtprio. A pro...

if(1) -- shell builtin commands

indent(1) -- indent and format C program source

The indent utility is a C program formatter. It reformats the C program in the input-file according to the switches. The switches which can be specified are described below. They may appear before or ...

indxbib(1) -- make inverted index for bibliographic databases

indxbib makes an inverted index for the bibliographic databases in filename... for use with refer(1), lookbib(1), and lkbib(1). The index will be named filename.i; the index is written to a temporary ...

info(1) -- read Info documents

Read documentation in Info format.

install(1) -- install binaries

The file(s) are copied to the target file or directory. If the destination is a directory, then the file is copied into directory with its original filename. If the target file already exists, it is e...

install-info(1) -- update info/dir entries

Install or delete dir entries from INFO-FILE in the Info directory file DIR-FILE.

intro(1) -- introduction to general commands (tools and utilities)

Section one of the manual contains most of the commands which comprise the BSD user environment. Some of the commands included in section one are text editors, command shell interpreters, searching an...

introduction(1) -- introduction to general commands (tools and utilities)

ipcrm(1) -- remove the specified message queues, semaphore sets, and shared segments

The ipcrm utility removes the specified message queues, semaphores and shared memory segments. These System V IPC objects can be specified by their creation id or any associated key. The following opt...

ipcs(1) -- report System V interprocess communication facilities status

The ipcs utility provides information on System V interprocess communication (IPC) facilities on the system. The options are as follows: -a Show the maximum amount of information possible when display...

ipftest(1) -- test packet filter rules with arbitrary input.

ipftest is provided for the purpose of being able to test a set of filter rules without having to put them in place, in operation and proceed to test their effectiveness. The hope is that this minimis...

ipnat(1) -- user interface to the NAT

ipnat opens the filename given (treating "-" as stdin) and parses the file for a set of rules which are to be added or removed from the IP NAT. Each rule processed by ipnat is added to the kernels i...

ipresend(1) -- resend IP packets out to network

ipresend was designed to allow packets to be resent, once captured, back out onto the network for use in testing. ipresend supports a number of different file formats as input, including saved snoop/t...

ipsend(1) -- sends IP packets

ipsend can be compiled in two ways. The first is used to send one-off packets to a destination host, using command line options to specify various attributes present in the headers. The destination mu...

iptest(1) -- automatically generate a packets to test IP functionality

iptest ...

jobid(1) -- shell builtin commands

jobs(1) -- shell builtin commands

join(1) -- relational database operator

The join utility performs an ``equality join'' on the specified files and writes the result to the standard output. The ``join field'' is the field in each file by which the files are compared. Th...

jot(1) -- print sequential or random data

The jot utility is used to print out increasing, decreasing, random, or redundant data, usually numbers, one per line. The following options are available: -r Generate random data instead of the defau...

kbdcontrol(1) -- keyboard control and configuration utility

The kbdcontrol command is used to set various keyboard related options for the syscons(4) console driver and the keyboard drivers, such as key map, keyboard repeat and delay rates, bell characteristic...

kbdmap(1) -- front end for syscons

The kbdmap utility allows easy setting of available keymaps. The vidfont command allows the setting of fonts. Both examine a database for the keymaps and fonts. Descriptions are in English by default,...

kcon(1) -- pcvt keyboard control and remapping

The kcon utility is used for controlling all aspects of keyboard configuration for the 'pcvt' video driver. The available options are: -d delay Specifies the delay after which the last key entered w...

kdestroy(1) -- destroy the current ticket file

kdestroy remove the current set of tickets. Supported options: -c cachefile -cache=cachefile The cache file to remove. --no-unlog Do not remove AFS tokens. --no-delete-v4 Do not remove v4 tickets.

kdump(1) -- display kernel trace data

The kdump command displays the kernel trace files produced with ktrace(1) in human readable format. By default, the file ktrace.out in the current directory is displayed. The options are as follows: -...

kenv(1) -- dump or modify the kernel environment

The kenv utility will dump the kernel environment if invoked without arguments. If the -h option is specified, it will limit the report to kernel probe hints. If an optional variable name is specified...

keylogin(1) -- decrypt and store secret key

The keylogin utility prompts the user for their login password, and uses it to decrypt the user's secret key stored in the publickey(5) database. Once decrypted, the user's key is stored by the loca...

keylogout(1) -- delete stored secret key

The keylogout utility deletes the key stored by the key server process keyserv(8) to be used by any secure network services, such as NFS. Further access to the key is revoked, however current session ...

kill(1) -- terminate or signal a process

The kill utility sends a signal to the processes specified by the pid operand(s). Only the super-user may send signals to other users' processes. The options are as follows: -s signal_name A symbolic...

killall(1) -- kill processes by name

The killall utility kills processes selected by name, as opposed to the selection by pid as done by kill(1). By default, it will send a TERM signal to all processes with a real UID identical to the ca...

kinit(1) -- acquire initial tickets

kinit is used to authenticate to the Kerberos server as principal, or if none is given, a system generated default (typically your login name at the default realm), and acquire a ticket granting ticke...

klist(1) -- list Kerberos credentials

klist reads and displays the current tickets in the crential cache (also known as the ticket file). Options supported: -c cache, --cache=cache credentials cache to list -s, -t, --test Test for there b...

kpasswd(1) -- Kerberos 5 password changing program

kpasswd is the client for changing passwords.

krb5-config(1) -- give information on how to link code against Heimdal libraries

krb5-config tells the application programmer what special flags to use to compile and link programs against the libraries installed by Heimdal. Options supported: --prefix[=dir] Print the prefix if no...

ktrace(1) -- enable kernel process tracing

The ktrace utility enables kernel trace logging for the specified processes. Kernel trace data is logged to the file ktrace.out. The kernel operations that are traced include system calls, namei trans...

lam(1) -- laminate files

The lam utility copies the named files side by side onto the standard output. The n-th input lines from the input files are considered fragments of the single long n-th output line into which they are...

last(1) -- indicate last logins of users and ttys

The last utility will either list the sessions of specified users, ttys, and hosts, in reverse time order, or list the users logged in at a specified date and time. Each line of output contains the us...

lastcomm(1) -- show last commands executed in reverse order

The lastcomm utility gives information on previously executed commands. With no arguments, lastcomm prints information about all the commands recorded during the current accounting file's lifetime. T...

ld(1) -- Using LD, the GNU linker

ld combines a number of object and archive files, relocates their data and ties up symbol references. Usually the last step in compiling a program is to run ld. ld accepts Linker Command Language file...

ld-elf.so.1(1) -- run-time link-editor

The ld-elf.so.1 utility is a self-contained shared object providing runtime support for loading and link-editing shared objects into a process' address space. It is also commonly known as the dynamic...

ld.so(1) -- run-time link-editor

ldd(1) -- list dynamic object dependencies

The ldd utility displays all shared objects that are needed to run the given program or to load the given shared object. Contrary to nm(1), the list includes ``indirect'' dependencies that are the r...

leave(1) -- remind you when you have to leave

The leave utility waits until the specified time, then reminds you that you have to leave. You are reminded 5 minutes and 1 minute before the actual time, at the time, and every minute thereafter. Whe...

less(1) -- opposite of more

Less is a program similar to more (1), but which allows backward movement in the file as well as forward movement. Also, less does not have to read the entire input file before starting, so with large...

lesskey(1) -- specify key bindings for less

Lesskey is used to specify a set of key bindings to be used by less. The input file is a text file which describes the key bindings, If the input file is "-", standard input is read. If no input fil...

lex(1) -- fast lexical analyzer generator

lex++(1) -- fast lexical analyzer generator

limit(1) -- shell builtin commands

limits(1) -- set or display process resource limits

The limits utility either prints or sets kernel resource limits, and may optionally set environment variables like env(1) and run a program with the selected resources. Three uses of the limits utilit...

link(1) -- make links

The ln utility creates a new directory entry (linked file) which has the same modes as the original file. It is useful for maintaining multiple copies of a file in many places at once without using up...

lint(1) -- a C program verifier

The lint utility attempts to detect features of the named C program files that are likely to be bugs, to be non-portable, or to be wasteful. It also performs stricter type checking than does the C com...

lkbib(1) -- search bibliographic databases

lkbib searches bibliographic databases for references that contain the keys key... and prints any references found on the standard output. lkbib will search any databases given by -p options, and then...

ln(1) -- make links

loadfont(1) -- pcvt utility for loading fonts into VGA/EGA boards

The loadfont utility is used to load fonts needed for proper operation of the pcvt VT220 driver on EGA and VGA boards into the font ram of this boards. The options are as follows: -c Specifies the slo...

locale(1) -- get locale-specific information

The locale utility is supposed to provide most locale specific information to the standard output. When locale is invoked without arguments, it will print out a summary of the current locale environme...

locate(1) -- find filenames quickly

The locate program searches a database for all pathnames which match the specified pattern. The database is recomputed periodically (usually weekly or daily), and contains the pathnames of all files w...

lock(1) -- reserve a terminal

The lock utility requests a password from the user, reads it again for verification and then will normally not relinquish the terminal until the password is repeated. There are two other conditions un...

lockf(1) -- execute a command while holding a file lock

The lockf utility acquires an exclusive lock on a file, creating it if necessary. While holding the lock, it executes a command with optional arguments. After the command completes, lockf releases the...

log(1) -- shell builtin commands

logger(1) -- make entries in the system log

The logger utility provides a shell command interface to the syslog(3) system log module. The following options are available: -4 Force logger to use IPv4 addresses only. -6 Force logger to use IPv6 a...

The login utility logs users (and pseudo-users) into the computer system. If no user is specified, or if a user is specified and authentication of the user fails, login prompts for a user name. Authen...

logname(1) -- display user's login name

The logname utility writes the user's login name to standard output followed by a newline. The logname utility explicitly ignores the LOGNAME and USER environment variables because the environment ca...

logout(1) -- shell builtin commands

look(1) -- display lines beginning with a given string

The look utility displays any lines in file which contain string as a prefix. As look performs a binary search, the lines in file must be sorted. If file is not specified, the file /usr/share/dict/wor...

lookbib(1) -- search bibliographic databases

lookbib prints a prompt on the standard error (unless the standard input is not a terminal), reads from the standard input a line containing a set of keywords, searches the bibliographic databases fil...

lorder(1) -- list dependencies for object files

The lorder utility uses nm(1) to determine interdependencies in the list of object files specified on the command line. The lorder utility outputs a list of file names where the first file contains a ...

lp(1) -- front-end to the print spooler

The lp utility is a front-end to the print spooler as required by the IEEE Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'') specification. It effectively invokes lpr(1) with the proper set of arguments. It generally prints...

lpq(1) -- spool queue examination program

The lpq utility examines the spooling area used by lpd(8) for printing files on the line printer, and reports the status of the specified jobs or all jobs associated with a user. The lpq utility invok...

lpr(1) -- off line print

The lpr utility uses a spooling daemon to print the named files when facilities become available. If no names appear, the standard input is assumed. The following single letter options are used to not...

lprm(1) -- remove jobs from the line printer spooling queue

The lprm utility will remove a job, or jobs, from a printer's spool queue. Since the spooling directory is protected from users, using lprm is normally the only method by which a user may remove a jo...

lptest(1) -- generate lineprinter ripple pattern

The lptest utility writes the traditional "ripple test" pattern on standard output. In 96 lines, this pattern will print all 96 printable ASCII characters in each position. While originally created ...

ls(1) -- list directory contents

For each operand that names a file of a type other than directory, ls displays its name as well as any requested, associated information. For each operand that names a file of type directory, ls displ...

ls-F(1) -- shell builtin commands

lsvfs(1) -- list installed virtual filesystems

The lsvfs command lists information about the currently loaded virtual file system modules. When vfsname arguments are given, lsvfs lists information about the specified VFS modules. Otherwise, lsvfs ...

m4(1) -- macro language processor

The m4 utility is a macro processor that can be used as a front end to any language (e.g., C, ratfor, fortran, lex, and yacc). The m4 utility reads from the standard input and writes the processed tex...

mail(1) -- send and receive mail

Mail(1) -- send and receive mail

mailq(1) -- print the mail queue

Mailq prints a summary of the mail messages queued for future delivery. The first line printed for each message shows the internal identifier used on this host for the message with a possible status c...

mailx(1) -- send and receive mail

make(1) -- maintain program dependencies

The make utility is a program designed to simplify the maintenance of other programs. Its input is a list of specifications describing dependency relationships between the generation of files and prog...

makeinfo(1) -- translate Texinfo documents

Translate Texinfo source documentation to various other formats, by default Info files suitable for reading online with Emacs or standalone GNU Info. General options: --error-limit=NUM quit after NUM ...

makewhatis(1) -- create whatis database

The makewhatis utility collects the names and short descriptions from all the unformatted man pages in the directories and puts them into a file used by the whatis(1) and apropos(1) commands. Director...

man(1) -- format and display the on-line manual pages

Man formats and displays the on-line manual pages. This version knows about the MANPATH and PAGER environment variables, so you can have your own set(s) of personal man pages and choose whatever progr...

manpath(1) -- determine user's search path for man pages

Manpath tries to determine the user's manpath from a set of system defaults and the user's PATH, echoing the result to the standard output. Warnings and errors are written to the standard error. If ...

md5(1) -- calculate a message-digest fingerprint (checksum) for a file

The md5 utility takes as input a message of arbitrary length and produces as output a 128-bit ``fingerprint'' or ``message digest'' of the input. It is conjectured that it is computationally infea...

merge(1) -- three-way file merge

merge incorporates all changes that lead from file2 to file3 into file1. The result ordinarily goes into file1. merge is useful for combining separate changes to an original. Suppose file2 is the orig...

mesg(1) -- display (do not display) messages from other users

The mesg utility is invoked by a user to control write access others have to a terminal device. Write access is allowed by default, and programs such as talk(1) and write(1) may display messages on th...

minigzip(1) -- minimal implementation of the 'gzip' compression tool

The minigzip utility is a minimal implementation of the gzip(1) utility. It supports compression and decompression of individual files, as well as streaming compression and decompression via standard ...

mkdep(1) -- construct Makefile dependency list

The mkdep utility takes a set of flags for the C compiler and a list of C source files as arguments and constructs a set of include file dependencies which are written into the file ``.depend''. An ...

mkdir(1) -- make directories

The mkdir utility creates the directories named as operands, in the order specified, using mode rwxrwxrwx (0777) as modified by the current umask(2). The options are as follows: -m mode Set the file p...

mkfifo(1) -- make fifos

The mkfifo utility creates the fifos requested, in the order specified. The options are as follows: -m Set the file permission bits of the created fifos to the specified mode, ignoring the umask(2) of...

mklocale(1) -- make LC_CTYPE locale files

The mklocale utility reads a LC_CTYPE source file from standard input and produces a LC_CTYPE binary file on standard output suitable for placement in /usr/share/locale/language/LC_CTYPE. The format o...

mkstr(1) -- create an error message file by massaging C source

The mkstr utility creates files containing error messages extracted from C source, and restructures the same C source, to utilize the created error message file. The intent of mkstr was to reduce the ...

mktemp(1) -- make temporary file name (unique)

The mktemp utility takes each of the given file name templates and overwrites a portion of it to create a file name. This file name is unique and suitable for use by the application. The template may ...

mmroff(1) -- reference preprocessor

mmroff is a simple preprocessor for groff, it is used for expanding references in mm, see groff_mm(7). groff is executed twice, first with -z and -rRef=1 to collect all references and then to do the r...

more(1) -- opposite of more

mptable(1) -- display MP configuration table

The mptable command finds and analyzes the MP configuration table on an Intel(tm) MP spec capable motherboard. It is useful for debugging an SMP kernel that will not boot, as well as examining the con...

msgs(1) -- system messages and junk mail program

The msgs utility is used to read system messages. These messages are sent by mailing to the login `msgs' and should be short pieces of information which are suitable to be read once by most users of ...

mt(1) -- magnetic tape manipulating program

The mt utility is used to give commands to a magnetic tape drive. By default mt performs the requested operation once. Operations may be performed multiple times by specifying count. Note that tapenam...

mv(1) -- move files

In its first form, the mv utility renames the file named by the source operand to the destination path named by the target operand. This form is assumed when the last operand does not name an already ...

nawk(1) -- pattern-directed scanning and processing language

ncal(1) -- displays a calendar and the date of easter

ncplist(1) -- displays various information about ncplib and NetWare servers

The ncplist command used to display state of ncplib and NetWare servers. The first argument is a one letter command following by optional args. The commands are: b server type [pattern] Lists bindery ...

ncplogin(1) -- create permanent connection to a NetWare server

Connections to a NetWare server can be created and used independently of the mount_nwfs(8) command. Connections can be created by any user. Each user can have multiple connections, but each NetWareSer...

ncplogout(1) -- schedule permanent connection to close

The ncplogout utility will schedule a connection created by ncplogin(1) command to be closed. If the connection is busy (i.e. used by other processes) it will be closed when the last process using it ...

neqn(1) -- format equations for ascii output

The neqn program is actually just a shell script which invokes the eqn(1) command with the ascii output device. Note that eqn does not support low-resolution, typewriter-like devices (although it may ...

netstat(1) -- show network status

The netstat command symbolically displays the contents of various network-related data structures. There are a number of output formats, depending on the options for the information presented. netstat...

newaliases(1) -- rebuild the data base for the mail aliases file

Newaliases rebuilds the random access data base for the mail aliases file /etc/mail/aliases. It must be run each time this file is changed in order for the change to take effect. Newaliases is identic...

newgrp(1) -- change to a new group

The newgrp utility creates a new shell execution environment with modified real and effective group IDs. The options are as follows: -l Simulate a full login. The environment and umask are set to what...

nex(1) -- text editors

nfsstat(1) -- display NFS statistics

The nfsstat command displays statistics kept about NFS client and server activity. The options are as follows: -c Only display client side statistics -M Extract values associated with the name list fr...

nice(1) -- execute a utility at an altered scheduling priority

The nice utility runs utility at an altered scheduling priority, by incrementing its ``nice'' value by the specified increment, or a default value of 10. The lower the nice value of a process, the h...

nl(1) -- line numbering filter

The nl utility reads lines from the named file or the standard input if the file argument is ommitted, applies a configurable line numbering filter operation and writes the result to the standard outp...

nm(1) -- list symbols from object files

GNU nm lists the symbols from object files objfile.... If no object files are listed as arguments, nm assumes the file a.out. For each symbol, nm shows: o The symbol value, in the radix selected by op...

nohup(1) -- invoke a utility immune to hangups

The nohup utility invokes utility with its arguments and at this time sets the signal SIGHUP to be ignored. If the standard output is a terminal, the standard output is appended to the file nohup.out ...

notify(1) -- shell builtin commands

nroff(1) -- emulate nroff command with groff

The nroff script emulates the nroff command using groff. Only ascii, latin1, koi8-r, utf8, and cp1047 are valid arguments for the -T option, selecting the output encoding emitted by grotty, groff's T...

nvi(1) -- text editors

nview(1) -- text editors

objcopy(1) -- copy and translate object files

The GNU objcopy utility copies the contents of an object file to another. objcopy uses the GNU BFD Library to read and write the object files. It can write the destination object file in a format diff...

objdump(1) -- display information from object files.

objdump displays information about one or more object files. The options control what particular information to display. This information is mostly useful to programmers who are working on the compila...

objformat(1) -- reports default binary format

This program is obsolete and is now just a compatibility stub. It reports the object file format as ``elf''.

od(1) -- octal, decimal, hex, ASCII dump

The od utility is a filter which displays the specified files, or standard input if no files are specified, in a user specified format. The options are as follows: -A base Specify the input address ba...

omshell(1) -- OMAPI Command Shell

The OMAPI Command Shell, omshell, provides an interactive way to connect to, query, and possibly change, the ISC DHCP Server's state via OMAPI, the Object Management API. By using OMAPI and omshell, ...

onintr(1) -- shell builtin commands

opieinfo(1) -- Extract sequence number and seed for future OPIE challenges.

opieinfo takes an optional user name and writes the current sequence number and seed found in the OPIE key database for either the current user or the user specified. opiekey is compatible with the ke...

opiekey(1) -- Programs for computing responses to OTP challenges.

opiekey takes the optional count of the number of responses to print along with a (maximum) sequence number and seed as command line args. It prompts for the user's secret pass phrase and produces an...

opiepasswd(1) -- Change or set a user's password for the OPIE authentication system.

opiepasswd will initialize the system information to allow one to use OPIE to login. opiepasswd is downward compatible with the keyinit(1) program from the Bellcore S/Key Version 1 distribution.

otp-md4(1) -- Programs for computing responses to OTP challenges.

otp-md5(1) -- Programs for computing responses to OTP challenges.

otp-sha(1) -- Programs for computing responses to OTP challenges.

pagesize(1) -- print system page size

The pagesize utility prints the size of a page of memory in bytes, as returned by getpagesize(3). This program is useful in constructing portable shell scripts.

passwd(1) -- modify a user's password

The passwd utility changes the user's local, Kerberos, or NIS password. If the user is not the super-user, passwd first prompts for the current password and will not continue unless the correct passw...

paste(1) -- merge corresponding or subsequent lines of files

The paste utility concatenates the corresponding lines of the given input files, replacing all but the last file's newline characters with a single tab character, and writes the resulting lines to st...

patch(1) -- apply a diff file to an original

Patch will take a patch file containing any of the four forms of difference listing produced by the diff program and apply those differences to an original file, producing a patched version. By defaul...

pathchk(1) -- check pathnames

The pathchk utility checks whether each of the specified pathname arguments is valid or portable. A diagnostic message is written for each argument that: +o Is longer than PATH_MAX bytes. +o Contains ...

pawd(1) -- print automounter working directory

pawd is used to print the current working directory, adjusted to reflect proper paths that can be reused to go through the automounter for the shortest possible path. In particular, the path printed b...

pax(1) -- read and write file archives and copy directory hierarchies

The pax utility will read, write, and list the members of an archive file, and will copy directory hierarchies. These operations are independent of the specific archive format, and support a wide vari...

pfbtops(1) -- translate a PostScript font in .pfb format to ASCII

pfbtops translates a PostScript font in .pfb format to ASCII, splitting overlong lines in text packets into smaller chunks. If pfb_file is omitted the pfb file will be read from the standard input. Th...

pftp(1) -- Internet file transfer program

pic(1) -- compile pictures for troff or TeX

This manual page describes the GNU version of pic, which is part of the groff document formatting system. pic compiles descriptions of pictures embedded within troff or TeX input files into commands t...

pkg_add(1) -- a utility for installing software package distributions

The pkg_add command is used to extract packages that have been previously created with the pkg_create(1) command.

pkg_check(1) -- handle package signatures

The pkg_sign utility embeds a cryptographic signature within a gzip file file. type can be pgp (default), sha1, or x509. If type is pgp, it will always prompt you for a passphrase to unlock your priva...

pkg_create(1) -- a utility for creating software package distributions

The pkg_create command is used to create packages that will subsequently be fed to one of the package extraction/info utilities. The input description and command line arguments for the creation of a ...

pkg_delete(1) -- a utility for deleting previously installed software package distributions

The pkg_delete command is used to delete packages that have been previously installed with the pkg_add(1) command.

pkg_info(1) -- a utility for displaying information on software packages

The pkg_info command is used to dump out information for packages, either packed up in files with the pkg_create(1) command or already installed on the system with the pkg_add(1) command.

pkg_sign(1) -- handle package signatures

pkg_version(1) -- summarize installed versions of packages

The pkg_version command is used to produce a report of non-base software packages installed using the pkg_add(1) command. Each package's version number is checked against one of two sources to see if...

popd(1) -- shell builtin commands

pr(1) -- print files

The pr utility is a printing and pagination filter for text files. When multiple input files are specified, each is read, formatted, and written to standard output. By default, the input is separated ...

printenv(1) -- print out the environment

The printenv utility prints out the names and values of the variables in the environment, with one name/value pair per line. If name is specified, only its value is printed. Some shells may provide a ...

printf(1) -- formatted output

The printf utility formats and prints its arguments, after the first, under control of the format. The format is a character string which contains three types of objects: plain characters, which are s...

ps(1) -- process status

The ps utility displays a header line followed by lines containing information about your processes that have controlling terminals. This information is sorted by controlling terminal, then by process...

psroff(1) -- send troff to PostScript printer

The psroff program is actually just a shell script which invokes the groff(1) command to print the troff files to a PostScript printer.

pushd(1) -- shell builtin commands

pwd(1) -- return working directory name

The pwd utility writes the absolute pathname of the current working directory to the standard output. Some shells may provide a builtin pwd command which is similar or identical to this utility. Consu...

quota(1) -- display disk usage and limits

The quota utility displays users' disk usage and limits. By default only the user quotas are printed. The following options are available: -g Print group quotas for the group of which the user is a m...

ranlib(1) -- generate index to archive.

ranlib generates an index to the contents of an archive and stores it in the archive. The index lists each symbol defined by a member of an archive that is a relocatable object file. You may use nm -s...

rcp(1) -- remote file copy

The rcp utility copies files between machines. Each file or directory argument is either a remote file name of the form ``rname@rhost:path'', or a local file name (containing no `:' characters, or ...

rcs(1) -- change RCS file attributes

rcs creates new RCS files or changes attributes of existing ones. An RCS file contains multiple revisions of text, an access list, a change log, descriptive text, and some control attributes. For rcs ...

rcsclean(1) -- clean up working files

rcsclean removes files that are not being worked on. rcsclean -u also unlocks and removes files that are being worked on but have not changed. For each file given, rcsclean compares the working file a...

rcsdiff(1) -- compare RCS revisions

rcsdiff runs diff(1) to compare two revisions of each RCS file given. Pathnames matching an RCS suffix denote RCS files; all others denote working files. Names are paired as explained in ci(1). The op...

rcsfreeze(1) -- freeze a configuration of sources checked in under RCS

rcsfreeze assigns a symbolic revision number to a set of RCS files that form a valid configuration. The idea is to run rcsfreeze each time a new version is checked in. A unique symbolic name (C_number...

rcsintro(1) -- introduction to RCS commands

The Revision Control System (RCS) manages multiple revisions of files. RCS automates the storing, retrieval, logging, identification, and merging of revisions. RCS is useful for text that is revised f...

rcsmerge(1) -- merge RCS revisions

rcsmerge incorporates the changes between two revisions of an RCS file into the corresponding working file. Pathnames matching an RCS suffix denote RCS files; all others denote working files. Names ar...

read(1) -- shell builtin commands

readelf(1) -- Displays information about ELF files.

readelf displays information about one or more ELF format object files. The options control what particular information to display. elffile... are the object files to be examined. At the moment, reade...

readlink(1) -- display file status

The stat utility displays information about the file pointed to by file. Read, write or execute permissions of the named file are not required, but all directories listed in the path name leading to t...

readonly(1) -- shell builtin commands

realpath(1) -- return resolved physical path

The realpath utility uses the realpath(3) function to resolve all symbolic links, extra `/' characters and references to /./ and /../ in path.

red(1) -- text editor

ree(1) -- easy editor

refer(1) -- preprocess bibliographic references for groff

This file documents the GNU version of refer, which is part of the groff document formatting system. refer copies the contents of file- name... to the standard output, except that lines between .[ and...

rehash(1) -- shell builtin commands

repeat(1) -- shell builtin commands

reset(1) -- terminal initialization

The tset utility initializes terminals. It first determines the type of terminal that you are using. This determination is done as follows, using the first terminal type found. +o The terminal argumen...

rev(1) -- reverse lines of a file

The rev utility copies the specified files to the standard output, reversing the order of characters in every line. If no files are specified, the standard input is read. FreeBSD 5.2.1 June 9, 1993 Fr...

rfcomm_sppd(1) -- RFCOMM Serial Port Profile daemon

The rfcomm_sppd utility is a Serial Port Profile daemon. It opens RFCOMM connection to the specified server's BD_ADDR and channel. Once connection is established, the rfcomm_sppd utility provides acc...

rlog(1) -- print log messages and other information about RCS files

rlog prints information about RCS files. Pathnames matching an RCS suffix denote RCS files; all others denote working files. Names are paired as explained in ci(1). rlog prints the following informati...

rlogin(1) -- remote login

The rlogin utility starts a terminal session on a remote host host. The rlogin utility first attempts to use the Kerberos authorization mechanism, described below. If the remote host does not support ...

rm(1) -- remove directory entries

The rm utility attempts to remove the non-directory type files specified on the command line. If the permissions of the file do not permit writing, and the standard input device is a terminal, the use...

rmdir(1) -- remove directories

The rmdir utility removes the directory entry specified by each directory argument, provided it is empty. Arguments are processed in the order given. In order to remove both a parent directory and a s...

rpcgen(1) -- an RPC protocol compiler

The rpcgen utility is a tool that generates C code to implement an RPC protocol. The input to rpcgen is a language similar to C known as RPC Language (Remote Procedure Call Language). The rpcgen utili...

rs(1) -- reshape a data array

The rs utility reads the standard input, interpreting each line as a row of blank-separated entries in an array, transforms the array according to the options, and writes it on the standard output. Wi...

rsh(1) -- remote shell

The rsh utility executes command on host. The rsh utility copies its standard input to the remote command, the standard output of the remote command to its standard output, and the standard error of t...

rtld(1) -- run-time link-editor

rtprio(1) -- execute, examine or modify a utility's or process's realtime or idletime scheduling priority

rup(1) -- remote status display

The rup utility displays a summary of the current system status of a particular host or all hosts on the local network. The output shows the current time of day, how long the system has been up, and t...

ruptime(1) -- show host status of local machines

The ruptime utility gives a status line like uptime(1) for each machine on the local network; these are formed from packets broadcast by each host on the network once every three minutes. If no operan...

rusers(1) -- who is logged in to machines on local network

The rusers command produces output similar to who(1), but for the list of hosts or all machines on the local network. For each host responding to the rusers query, the hostname with the names of the u...

rwall(1) -- send a message to users logged on a host

The rwall command sends a message to the users logged into the specified host. The message to be sent can be typed in and terminated with EOF or it can be in a file.

rwho(1) -- who is logged in on local machines

The rwho command produces output similar to who(1), but for all machines on the local network. If no report has been received from a machine for 5 minutes then rwho assumes the machine is down, and do...

sasc(1) -- set the options of the asc scanner device

The sasc utility provides shell level access to the ioctl requests served by the handy scanner device driver asc. Please see asc(4) for the exact meaning of the requests. Generally they modify the out...

sched(1) -- shell builtin commands

scon(1) -- controls screen modes for pcvt video driver

The scon utility controls several aspects of the runtime behaviour of the pcvt vt220 driver. The options are as follows: -a Returns a string describing the video adaptor found by pcvt, the string retu...

scp(1) -- secure copy (remote file copy program)

scp copies files between hosts on a network. It uses ssh(1) for data transfer, and uses the same authentication and provides the same security as ssh(1). Unlike rcp(1), scp will ask for passwords or p...

script(1) -- make typescript of terminal session

The script utility makes a typescript of everything printed on your terminal. It is useful for students who need a hardcopy record of an interactive session as proof of an assignment, as the typescrip...

sdiff(1) -- find differences between two files and merge interactively

The sdiff command merges two files and interactively outputs the results to outfile. If from-file is a directory and to-file is not, sdiff compares the file in from-file whose file name is that of to-...

sed(1) -- stream editor

The sed utility reads the specified files, or the standard input if no files are specified, modifying the input as specified by a list of commands. The input is then written to the standard output. A ...

send-pr(1) -- send problem report (PR) to a central support site

send-pr is a tool used to submit problem reports (PRs) to a central support site. In most cases the correct site will be the default. This argument indicates the support site which is responsible for ...

sendbug(1) -- send problem report (PR) to a central support site

set(1) -- shell builtin commands

setenv(1) -- shell builtin commands

setfacl(1) -- set ACL information

The setfacl utility sets discretionary access control information on the specified file(s). The following options are available: -b Remove all ACL entries except for the three required entries. If the...

settc(1) -- shell builtin commands

setty(1) -- shell builtin commands

setvar(1) -- shell builtin commands

sftp(1) -- Secure file transfer program

sftp is an interactive file transfer program, similar to ftp(1), which performs all operations over an encrypted ssh(1) transport. It may also use many features of ssh, such as public key authenticati...

sgsc(1) -- set the options of the gsc scanner device

The sgsc utility provides shell level access to the ioctl requests served by the handy scanner device driver gsc. Please see gsc(4) for the exact meaning of the requests. Generally they modify the out...

sh(1) -- command interpreter (shell)

The sh utility is the standard command interpreter for the system. The current version of sh is in the process of being changed to conform with the IEEE Std 1003.2 (``POSIX.2'') specification for th...

shar(1) -- create a shell archive of files

The shar command writes a sh(1) shell script to the standard output which will recreate the file hierarchy specified by the command line operands. Directories will be recreated and must be specified b...

shift(1) -- shell builtin commands

size(1) -- list section sizes and total size.

The GNU size utility lists the section sizes---and the total size---for each of the object or archive files objfile in its argument list. By default, one line of output is generated for each object fi...

sleep(1) -- suspend execution for an interval of time

The sleep command suspends execution for a minimum of seconds. If the sleep command receives a signal, it takes the standard action.

slogin(1) -- OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program)

ssh (SSH client) is a program for logging into a remote machine and for executing commands on a remote machine. It is intended to replace rlogin and rsh, and provide secure encrypted communications be...

smbutil(1) -- interface to the SMB requester

The smbutil command is used to control SMB requester and issue various commands. There are two types of options -- global and local to the specified command. Global options are as follows: -h Print a ...

sockstat(1) -- list open sockets

The sockstat command lists open Internet or UNIX domain sockets. The following options are available: -4 Show AF_INET (IPv4) sockets. -6 Show AF_INET6 (IPv6) sockets. -c Show connected sockets. -l Sho...

soelim(1) -- interpret .so requests in groff input

soelim reads files and replaces lines of the form .so file by the contents of file. It is useful if files included with so need to be preprocessed. Normally, soelim should be invoked with the -s optio...

sort(1) -- sort lines of text files

Write sorted concatenation of all FILE(s) to standard output. Ordering options: Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too. -b, --ignore-leading-blanks ignore leading blan...

source(1) -- shell builtin commands

split(1) -- split a file into pieces

The split utility reads the given file and breaks it up into files of 1000 lines each. If file is a single dash (`-') or absent, split reads from the standard input. The options are as follows: -a Us...

sscop(1) -- SSCOP transport protocol

The sscop tool implements the Q.2110 transport protocol. Normally the program reads from standard input and sends this input over the SSCOP protocol on the standard output file descriptor. This means,...

ssh(1) -- OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program)

ssh-add(1) -- adds RSA or DSA identities to the authentication agent

ssh-add adds RSA or DSA identities to the authentication agent, ssh-agent(1). When run without arguments, it adds the files $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa, $HOME/.ssh/id_dsa and $HOME/.ssh/identity. Alternative fi...

ssh-agent(1) -- authentication agent

ssh-agent is a program to hold private keys used for public key authentication (RSA, DSA). The idea is that ssh-agent is started in the beginning of an X-session or a login session, and all other wind...

ssh-keygen(1) -- authentication key generation, management and conversion

ssh-keygen generates, manages and converts authentication keys for ssh(1). ssh-keygen can create RSA keys for use by SSH protocol version 1 and RSA or DSA keys for use by SSH protocol version 2. The t...

ssh-keyscan(1) -- gather ssh public keys

ssh-keyscan is a utility for gathering the public ssh host keys of a number of hosts. It was designed to aid in building and verifying ssh_known_hosts files. ssh-keyscan provides a minimal interface s...

startslip(1) -- dial up and login to a slip server

The startslip utility opens the specified device. Once carrier is asserted (if modem control is enabled) startslip attempts to login as the specified user with the given password. Standard login: & Pa...

stat(1) -- display file status

stop(1) -- shell builtin commands

strings(1) -- print the strings of printable characters in files.

For each file given, GNU strings prints the printable character sequences that are at least 4 characters long (or the number given with the options below) and are followed by an unprintable character....

strip(1) -- Discard symbols from object files.

GNU strip discards all symbols from object files objfile. The list of object files may include archives. At least one object file must be given. strip modifies the files named in its argument, rather ...

stty(1) -- set the options for a terminal device interface

The stty utility sets or reports on terminal characteristics for the device that is its standard input. If no options or operands are specified, it reports the settings of a subset of characteristics ...

su(1) -- substitute user identity

The su utility requests appropriate user credentials via PAM and switches to that user ID (the default user is the superuser). A shell is then executed. PAM is used to set all policy. By default, the ...

sum(1) -- display file checksums and block counts

suspend(1) -- shell builtin commands

switch(1) -- shell builtin commands

systat(1) -- display system statistics on a crt

The systat utility displays various system statistics in a screen oriented fashion using the curses screen display library, ncurses(3). While systat is running the screen is usually divided into two w...

tabs(1) -- set terminal tabs

The tabs utility displays a series of characters that clear the hardware terminal tab settings then initialises tab stops at specified positions, and optionally adjusts the margin. In the first synops...

tail(1) -- display the last part of a file

The tail utility displays the contents of file or, by default, its standard input, to the standard output. The display begins at a byte, line or 512-byte block location in the input. Numbers having a ...

talk(1) -- talk to another user

The talk utility is a visual communication program which copies lines from your terminal to that of another user. Options available: person If you wish to talk to someone on your own machine, then per...

tar(1) -- tape archiver; manipulate "tar" archive files

Tar is short for ``tape archiver'', so named for historical reasons; the tar program creates, adds files to, or extracts files from an archive file in tar format, called a tarfile. A tarfile is ofte...

tbl(1) -- format tables for troff

This manual page describes the GNU version of tbl, which is part of the groff document formatting system. tbl compiles descriptions of tables embedded within troff input files into commands that are u...

tcopy(1) -- copy and/or verify mag tapes

The tcopy utility is designed to copy magnetic tapes. The only assumption made about the tape is that there are two tape marks at the end. The tcopy utility with only a source tape (/dev/sa0 by defaul...

tcpdump(1) -- dump traffic on a network

Tcpdump prints out the headers of packets on a network interface that match the boolean expression. It can also be run with the -w flag, which causes it to save the packet data to a file for later ana...

tcpslice(1) -- extract pieces of and/or glue together tcpdump files

The tcpslice utility extracts portions of packet-trace files generated using tcpdump(1)'s -w flag. It can also be used to glue together several such files, as discussed below. The basic operation of ...

tcsh(1) -- C shell with file name completion and command line editing

tee(1) -- pipe fitting

The tee utility copies standard input to standard output, making a copy in zero or more files. The output is unbuffered. The following options are available: -a Append the output to the files rather t...

telltc(1) -- shell builtin commands

telnet(1) -- user interface to the TELNET protocol

The telnet command is used to communicate with another host using the TELNET protocol. If telnet is invoked without the host argument, it enters command mode, indicated by its prompt (``telnet>''). ...

test(1) -- condition evaluation utility

The test utility evaluates the expression and, if it evaluates to true, returns a zero (true) exit status; otherwise it returns 1 (false). If there is no expression, test also returns 1 (false). All o...

texindex(1) -- sort Texinfo index files

Generate a sorted index for each TeX output FILE. Usually FILE... is specified as `foo.??' for a document `foo.texi'.

tfmtodit(1) -- create font files for use with groff -Tdvi

tfmtodit creates a font file for use with groff -Tdvi. tfm_file is the name of the TeX font metric file for the font. map_file is a file giving the groff names for characters in the font; this file sh...

tftp(1) -- trivial file transfer program

The tftp utility is the user interface to the Internet TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol), which allows users to transfer files to and from a remote machine. The remote host may be specified on the...

then(1) -- shell builtin commands

time(1) -- time command execution

The time utility executes and times the specified utility. After the utility finishes, time writes to the standard error stream, (in seconds): the total time elapsed, the time used to execute the util...

tip(1) -- connect to a remote system

top(1) -- display and update information about the top cpu processes

Top displays the top processes on the system and periodically updates this information. If standard output is an intelligent terminal (see below) then as many processes as will fit on the terminal scr...

touch(1) -- change file access and modification times

The touch utility sets the modification and access times of files to the current time of day. If the file doesn't exist, it is created with default permissions. The following options are available: -...

tput(1) -- terminal capability interface

tr(1) -- translate characters

The tr utility copies the standard input to the standard output with substitution or deletion of selected characters. The following options are available: -C Complement the set of characters in string...

trace(1) -- enable kernel process tracing

trap(1) -- shell builtin commands

troff(1) -- the troff processor of the groff text formatting system

This manual page describes the GNU version of troff. It is part of the groff document formatting system. It is functionally compatible with UNIX troff, but has many extensions, see groff_diff(7). Usua...

true(1) -- return true value

The true utility always returns with an exit code of zero. Some shells may provide a builtin true command which is identical to this utility. Consult the builtin(1) manual page.

truncate(1) -- truncate or extend the length of files

The truncate utility adjusts the length of each regular file given on the command-line. The following options are available: -c Do not create files if they do not exist. The truncate utility does not ...

truss(1) -- trace system calls

The truss utility traces the system calls called by the specified process or program. Output is to the specified output file, or standard error by default. It does this by stopping and restarting the ...

tset(1) -- terminal initialization

tsort(1) -- topological sort of a directed graph

The tsort utility takes a list of pairs of node names representing directed arcs in a graph and prints the nodes in topological order on standard output. Input is taken from the named file, or from st...

tty(1) -- return user's terminal name

The tty utility writes the name of the terminal attached to standard input to standard output. The name that is written is the string returned by ttyname(3). If the standard input is not a terminal, t...

type(1) -- shell builtin commands

ul(1) -- do underlining

The ul utility reads the named files (or standard input if none are given) and translates occurrences of underscores to the sequence which indicates underlining for the terminal in use, as specified b...

ulimit(1) -- shell builtin commands

umask(1) -- shell builtin commands

unalias(1) -- shell builtin commands

uname(1) -- display information about the system

The uname command writes the name of the operating system implementation to standard output. When options are specified, strings representing one or more system characteristics are written to standard...

uncomplete(1) -- shell builtin commands

uncompress(1) -- compress and expand data

unexpand(1) -- expand tabs to spaces, and vice versa

unhash(1) -- shell builtin commands

unifdef(1) -- remove preprocessor conditionals from code

The unifdef utility selectively processes conditional cpp(1) directives. It removes from a file both the directives and any additional text that they specify should be removed, while otherwise leaving...

unifdefall(1) -- remove preprocessor conditionals from code

uniq(1) -- report or filter out repeated lines in a file

The uniq utility reads the specified input_file comparing adjacent lines, and writes a copy of each unique input line to the output_file. If input_file is a single dash (`-') or absent, the standard ...

units(1) -- conversion program

The units program converts quantities expressed in various scales to their equivalents in other scales. The units program can only handle multiplicative scale changes. It cannot convert Celsius to Fah...

unlimit(1) -- shell builtin commands

unlink(1) -- remove directory entries

unset(1) -- shell builtin commands

unsetenv(1) -- shell builtin commands

until(1) -- shell builtin commands

unvis(1) -- revert a visual representation of data back to original form

The unvis utility is the inverse function of vis(1). It reverts a visual representation of data back to its original form on standard output.

uptime(1) -- show how long system has been running

The uptime utility displays the current time, the length of time the system has been up, the number of users, and the load average of the system over the last 1, 5, and 15 minutes.

usbhidaction(1) -- perform actions according to USB HID controls

The usbhidaction utility can be used to execute commands when certain values appear on HID controls. The normal operation for this program is to read the configuration file and then become a daemon an...

usbhidctl(1) -- manipulate USB HID devices

The usbhidctl utility can be used to dump the state of a USB HID (Human Interface Device). Each named item is printed. The options are as follows: -a Show all items. -f device Specify a path name for ...

users(1) -- list current users

The users utility lists the login names of the users currently on the system, in sorted order, space separated, on a single line.

uudecode(1) -- encode/decode a binary file

uuencode(1) -- encode/decode a binary file

uuidgen(1) -- generate universally unique identifiers

The uuidgen utility by default generates a single universally unique identifier (UUID), also known as a globally unique identifier (GUID). The UUID is written to stdout by default. The following optio...

vacation(1) -- E-mail auto-responder

Vacation returns a message, ~/.vacation.msg by default, to the sender informing them that you are currently not reading your mail. The message is only sent to each sender once per reply interval (see ...

vgrind(1) -- grind nice listings of programs

The vgrind utility formats the program sources which are arguments in a nice style using troff(1) Comments are placed in italics, keywords in bold face, and the name of the current function is listed ...

vi(1) -- text editors

vidcontrol(1) -- system console control and configuration utility

The vidcontrol command is used to set various options for the syscons(4) console driver, such as video mode, colors, cursor shape, screen output map, font and screen saver timeout. The following comma...

vidfont(1) -- front end for syscons

view(1) -- text editors

vis(1) -- display non-printable characters in a visual format

The vis utility is a filter for converting non-printable characters into a visual representation. It differs from `cat -v' in that the form is unique and invertible. By default, all non-graphic chara...

vt220keys(1) -- define SHIFTED function keys on VT220 terminal

The vt220keys utility sets up a ``vt220 terminal'' in vt200 mode to allow user definition of the SHIFTED function keys. Each keyname specified on the command line will be loaded with the correspondi...

vttest(1) -- test VT100-type terminal

The vttest utility is a program designed to test the functionality of a VT100 terminal (or emulator thereof). It tests both display (escape sequence handling) and keyboard. The program is menu-driven ...

w(1) -- display who is logged in and what they are doing

The w utility prints a summary of the current activity on the system, including what each user is doing. The first line displays the current time of day, how long the system has been running, the numb...

wait(1) -- shell builtin commands

wall(1) -- write a message to users

The wall utility displays the contents of file or, by default, its standard input, on the terminals of all currently logged in users. Only the super-user can write on the terminals of users who have c...

wc(1) -- word, line, character, and byte count

The wc utility displays the number of lines, words, and bytes contained in each input file (or standard input, by default) to the standard output. A line is defined as a string of characters delimited...

what(1) -- show what versions of object modules were used to construct a file

The what utility searches each specified file for sequences of the form ``@(#)'' as inserted by the source code control system. It prints the remainder of the string following this marker, up to a N...

whatis(1) -- search the whatis database

where(1) -- shell builtin commands

whereis(1) -- locate programs

The whereis utility checks the standard binary, manual page, and source directories for the specified programs, printing out the paths of any it finds. The supplied program names are first stripped of...

which(1) -- locate a program file in the user's path

The which utility takes a list of command names and searches the path for each executable file that would be run had these commands actually been invoked. The following options are available: -a List ...

while(1) -- shell builtin commands

who(1) -- display who is on the system

The who utility displays information about currently logged in users. By default, this includes the login name, tty name, date and time of login and remote hostname if not local. The options are as fo...

whoami(1) -- display effective user id

The whoami utility has been obsoleted by the id(1) utility, and is equivalent to ``id -un''. The command ``id -p'' is suggested for normal interactive use. The whoami utility displays your effecti...

whois(1) -- Internet domain name and network number directory service

The whois utility looks up records in the databases maintained by several Network Information Centers (NICs). The options are as follows: -a Use the American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) datab...

window(1) -- window environment

The window utility implements a window environment on ASCII terminals. A window is a rectangular portion of the physical terminal screen associated with a set of processes. Its size and position can b...

write(1) -- send a message to another user

The write utility allows you to communicate with other users, by copying lines from your terminal to theirs. When you run the write command, the user you are writing to gets a message of the form: Mes...

xargs(1) -- construct argument list(s) and execute utility

The xargs utility reads space, tab, newline and end-of-file delimited strings from the standard input and executes utility with the strings as arguments. Any arguments specified on the command line ar...

xstr(1) -- extract strings from C programs to implement shared strings

The xstr utility maintains a file strings into which strings in component parts of a large program are hashed. These strings are replaced with references to this common area. This serves to implement ...

yacc(1) -- an LALR(1) parser generator

yes(1) -- be repetitively affirmative

The yes utility outputs expletive, or, by default, ``y'', forever.

ypcat(1) -- print the values of all keys in a YP database

The ypcat utility prints out the values of all keys from the YP database specified by mapname, which may be a map name or a map nickname. The options are as follows: -d domainname Specify a domain oth...

ypchfn(1) -- add or change user database information

ypchpass(1) -- add or change user database information

ypchsh(1) -- add or change user database information

ypmatch(1) -- print the values of one or more keys in a YP database

The ypmatch utility prints out the values of one or more keys from the YP database specified by mapname, which may be a map name or a map nickname. The options are as follows: -d domainname Specify a ...

yppasswd(1) -- modify a user's password

ypwhich(1) -- return hostname of YP server of map master

The ypwhich utility tells which YP server supplies YP services to a client, or which is the master for a map. If invoked without arguments, it gives the YP server for the local machine. If host is spe...

yyfix(1) -- extract tables from y.tab.c

Programs have historically used a script (often named ``:yyfix'') to extract tables from the yacc(1) generated file y.tab.c. As the names of the tables generated by the current version of yacc(1) ar...

zcat(1) -- compress or expand files

zcmp(1) -- compare compressed files

Zcmp and zdiff are used to invoke the cmp or the diff program on compressed files. All options specified are passed directly to cmp or diff. If only 1 file is specified, then the files compared are fi...

zdiff(1) -- compare compressed files

zegrep(1) -- print lines matching a pattern

zfgrep(1) -- print lines matching a pattern

zforce(1) -- force a '.gz' extension on all gzip files

zforce forces a .gz extension on all gzip files so that gzip will not compress them twice. This can be useful for files with names truncated after a file transfer. For example, 12345678901 is renamed ...

zgrep(1) -- print lines matching a pattern

zmore(1) -- file perusal filter for crt viewing of compressed text

Zmore is a filter which allows examination of compressed or plain text files one screenful at a time on a soft-copy terminal. zmore works on files compressed with compress, pack or gzip, and also on u...

znew(1) -- recompress .Z files to .gz files

Znew recompresses files from .Z (compress) format to .gz (gzip) format. If you want to recompress a file already in gzip format, rename the file to force a .Z extension then apply znew.

[(1) -- condition evaluation utility

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