mbuf, m_get, m_getclr, m_gethdr, m_devget, m_copym, m_copypacket,
m_copydata, m_copyback, m_cat, m_dup, m_prepend, m_pulldown, m_pullup,
m_split, m_adj, m_free, m_freem, mtod, mtocl, cltom, MGET, MGETHDR,
MEXTMALLOC, MEXTADD, MCLGET, M_COPY_PKTHDR, M_ALIGN, MH_ALIGN,
M_LEADINGSPACE, M_TRAILINGSPACE, M_PREPEND, MCHTYPE, MEXTREMOVE, MFREE, -
functions and macros for managing memory used by networking code
#include <sys/mbuf.h>
struct mbuf *
m_get(int nowait, int type);
struct mbuf *
m_getclr(int nowait, int type);
struct mbuf *
m_gethdr(int nowait, int type);
struct mbuf *
m_devget(char *buf, int totlen, int off0, struct ifnet *ifp,
void (*copy)(const void *, void *, size_t));
struct mbuf *
m_copym(struct mbuf *m, int off0, int len, int wait);
struct mbuf *
m_copypacket(struct mbuf *m, int how);
void
m_copydata(struct mbuf *m, int off, int len, caddr_t cp);
void
m_copyback(struct mbuf *m0, int off, int len, caddr_t cp);
void
m_cat(struct mbuf *m, struct mbuf *n);
struct mbuf *
m_dup(struct mbuf *m, int off0, int len, int wait);
struct mbuf *
m_prepend(struct mbuf *m, int len, int how);
struct mbuf *
m_pulldown(struct mbuf *m, int off, int len, int *offp);
struct mbuf *
m_pullup(struct mbuf *n, int len);
struct mbuf *
m_split(struct mbuf *m0, int len0, int wait);
void
m_adj(struct mbuf *mp, int req_len);
struct mbuf *
m_free(struct mbuf *m);
void
m_freem(struct mbuf *m);
datatype
mtod(struct mbuf *m, datatype);
u_long
mtocl(void *datapointer);
caddr_t
cltom(u_long clusternum);
void
MGET(struct mbuf *m, int how, int type);
void
MGETHDR(struct mbuf *m, int how, int type);
void
MEXTMALLOC(struct mbuf *m, int len, int how);
void
MEXTADD(struct mbuf *m, caddr_t buf, int size, int type,
void (*free)(caddr_t, u_int, void *), void *arg);
void
MCLGET(struct mbuf *m, int how);
void
M_COPY_PKTHDR(struct mbuf *to, struct mbuf *from);
void
M_ALIGN(struct mbuf *m, int len);
void
MH_ALIGN(struct mbuf *m, int len);
int
M_LEADINGSPACE(struct mbuf *m);
int
M_TRAILINGSPACE(struct mbuf *m);
void
M_PREPEND(struct mbuf *m, int plen, int how);
void
MCHTYPE(struct mbuf *m, int type);
void
MEXTREMOVE(struct mbuf *m);
void
MFREE(struct mbuf *m, struct mbuf *n);
The mbuf functions and macros provide an easy and consistent way to handle
a networking stack's memory management needs. An mbuf consists of a
header and a data area. It is of a fixed size, MSIZE (defined in
<machine/param.h>), which includes overhead. The header contains a
pointer to the next mbuf in the `mbuf chain', a pointer to the next `mbuf
chain', a pointer to the data area, the amount of data in this mbuf, its
type and a flags field.
The type variable can signify:
MT_FREE the mbuf should be on the ``free'' list
MT_DATA data was dynamically allocated
MT_HEADER data is a packet header
MT_SONAME data is a socket name
MT_SOOPTS data is socket options
MT_FTABLE data is the fragment reassembly header
MT_CONTROL mbuf contains ancillary (protocol control) data
MT_OOBDATA mbuf contains out-of-band data.
The flags variable contains information describing the , notably:
M_EXT has external storage
M_PKTHDR is start of record
M_EOR is end of record
M_CLUSTER external storage is a cluster.
If an mbuf designates the start of a record (M_PKTHDR), its flags field
may contain additional information describing the content of the record:
M_BCAST sent/received as link-level broadcast
M_MCAST sent/received as link-level multicast
M_LINK0,
M_LINK1,
M_LINK2 three link-level specific flags.
An mbuf may add a single `mbuf cluster' of MCLBYTES bytes (also defined
in <machine/param.h>), which has no additional overhead and is used
instead of the internal data area; this is done when at least MINCLSIZE
bytes of data must be stored.
When the M_EXT flag is raised for an mbuf, the external storage area
could be shared among multiple mbufs. Be careful when you attempt to
overwrite the data content of the mbuf.
m_get(int nowait, int type)
Allocates an mbuf and initializes it to contain internal data.
The nowait parameter is a choice of M_WAIT / M_DONTWAIT from
caller. M_WAIT means the call cannot fail, but may take forever.
The type parameter is an mbuf type.
m_getclr(int nowait, int type)
Allocates an mbuf and initializes it to contain internal data,
then zeros the data area. The nowait parameter is a choice of
M_WAIT / M_DONTWAIT from caller. The type parameter is an mbuf
type.
m_gethdr(int nowait, int type)
Allocates an mbuf and initializes it to contain a packet header
and internal data. The nowait parameter is a choice of M_WAIT /
M_DONTWAIT from caller. The type parameter is an mbuf type.
m_devget(char *buf, int totlen, int off0, struct ifnet *ifp, void
(*copy)(const void *, void *, size_t))
Copies len bytes from device local memory into mbufs using copy
routine copy. If parameter off is non-zero, the packet is supposed
to be trailer-encapsulated and off bytes plus the type and
length fields will be skipped before copying. Returns the top
of the mbuf chain it created.
m_copym(struct mbuf *m, int off0, int len, int wait)
Creates a copy of an mbuf chain starting off0 bytes from the
beginning, continuing for len bytes. If the len requested is
M_COPYALL, the complete mbuf chain will be copied. The wait
parameter is a choice of M_WAIT / M_DONTWAIT from caller.
m_copypacket(struct mbuf *m, int how)
Copies an entire packet, including header (which must be present).
This function is an optimization of the common case
m_copym(m, 0, M_COPYALL, how).
m_copydata(struct mbuf *m, int off, int len, caddr_t cp)
Copies len bytes data from mbuf chain m into the buffer cp,
starting off bytes from the beginning.
m_copyback(struct mbuf *m0, int off, int len, caddr_t cp)
Copies len bytes data from buffer cp back into the mbuf chain
m0, starting off bytes from the beginning, extending the mbuf
chain if necessary.
m_cat(struct mbuf *m, struct mbuf *n)
Concatenates mbuf chain n to m. Both chains must be of the same
type; packet headers will not be updated if present.
m_dup(struct mbuf *m, int off0, int len, int wait)
Similarly to m_copym(), the function creates a copy of an mbuf
chain starting off0 bytes from the beginning, continuing for len
bytes. While m_copym() tries to share external storage for
mbufs with M_EXT flag, m_dup() will deep-copy the whole data
content into new mbuf chain and avoids shared external storage.
m_prepend(struct mbuf *m, int len, int how)
Lesser-used path for M_PREPEND(): allocates new mbuf m of size
len to prepend to the chain, copying junk along. The how parameter
is a choice of M_WAIT / M_DONTWAIT from caller.
m_pulldown(struct mbuf *m, int off, int len, int *offp)
Rearranges an mbuf chain so that len bytes from offset off are
contiguous and in the data area of an mbuf. The return value
points to an mbuf in the middle of the mbuf chain m. If we call
the return value n, the contiguous data region is available at
mtod(n, caddr_t) + *offp, or mtod(n, caddr_t) if offp is NULL.
The top of the mbuf chain m, and mbufs up to off, will not be
modified. On successful return, it is guaranteed that the mbuf
pointed to by n does not have a shared external storage, therefore
it is safe to update the contiguous region. Returns NULL
and frees the mbuf chain on failure. len must be smaller or
equal than MCLBYTES.
m_pullup(struct mbuf *m, int len)
Rearranges an mbuf chain so that len bytes are contiguous and in
the data area of an mbuf (so that mtod() will work for a structure
of size len). Returns the resulting mbuf chain on success,
frees it and returns NULL on failure. If there is room, it will
add up to max_protohdr - len extra bytes to the contiguous
region to possibly avoid being called again. len must be
smaller or equal than MHLEN.
m_split(struct mbuf *m0, int len0, int wait)
Partitions an mbuf chain in two pieces, returning the tail,
which is all but the first len0 bytes. In case of failure, it
returns NULL and attempts to restore the chain to its original
state.
m_adj(struct mbuf *mp, int req_len)
Shaves off req_len bytes from head or tail of the (valid) data
area. If req_len is greater than zero, front bytes are being
shaved off, if it's smaller, from the back (and if it is zero,
the mbuf will stay bearded). This function does not move data
in any way, but is used to manipulate the data area pointer and
data length variable of the mbuf in a non-clobbering way.
m_free(struct mbuf *m)
Frees mbuf m.
m_freem(struct mbuf *m)
Frees the mbuf chain beginning with m. This function contains
the elementary sanity check for a NULL pointer.
mtod(struct mbuf *m, datatype)
Returns a pointer to the data contained in the specified mbuf m,
type-casted to the specified data type datatype. Implemented as
a macro.
mtocl(void *datapointer)
Takes a datapointer within an mbuf cluster and returns the cluster
index number of the mbuf owning the data. Avoid this; it
may be deprecated in the future. Implemented as a macro.
cltom(u_long clusternum)
Takes an mbuf cluster index number clusternum and returns a
pointer to the beginning of the cluster. Avoid this; it may be
deprecated in the future. Implemented as a macro.
MGET(struct mbuf *m, int how, int type)
Allocates mbuf m and initializes it to contain internal data.
See m_get(). Implemented as a macro.
MGETHDR(struct mbuf *m, int how, int type)
Allocates mbuf m and initializes it to contain a packet header.
See m_gethdr(). Implemented as a macro.
MEXTMALLOC(struct mbuf *m, int len, int how)
Allocates external storage of size len for mbuf m. The how
parameter is a choice of M_WAIT / M_DONTWAIT from caller. The
flag M_EXT is set upon success. Implemented as a macro.
MEXTADD(struct mbuf *m, caddr_t buf, int size, int type, void
(*free)(caddr_t, u_int, void *), void *arg)
Adds pre-allocated external storage buf to a normal mbuf m; the
parameters size, type, free and arg describe the external storage.
size is the size of the storage, type describes its
malloc(9) type, free is a free routine (if not the usual one),
and arg is a possible argument to the free routine. The flag
M_EXT is set upon success. Implemented as a macro.
MCLGET(struct mbuf *m, int how)
Allocates and adds an mbuf cluster to a normal mbuf m. The how
parameter is a choice of M_WAIT / M_DONTWAIT from caller. The
flag M_EXT is set upon success. Implemented as a macro.
M_COPY_PKTHDR(struct mbuf *to, struct mbuf *from)
Copies the mbuf pkthdr from mbuf from to mbuf to. from must
have the type flag M_PKTHDR set, and to must be empty. Implemented
as a macro.
M_ALIGN(struct mbuf *m, int len)
Sets the data pointer of a newly allocated mbuf m to len bytes
from the end of the mbuf data area, so that len bytes of data
written to the mbuf m, starting at the data pointer, will be
aligned to the end of the data area. Implemented as a macro.
MH_ALIGN(struct mbuf *m, int len)
Sets the data pointer of a newly allocated packetheader mbuf m
to len bytes from the end of the mbuf data area, so that len
bytes of data written to the mbuf m, starting at the data
pointer, will be aligned to the end of the data area. Implemented
as a macro.
M_LEADINGSPACE(struct mbuf *m)
Returns the amount of space available before the current start
of valid data in mbuf m. Returns 0 if the mbuf data part is
shared across multiple mbufs (i.e. not writable). Implemented
as a macro.
M_TRAILINGSPACE(struct mbuf *m)
Returns the amount of space available after the current end of
valid data in mbuf m. Returns 0 if the mbuf data part is shared
across multiple mbufs (i.e. not writable). Implemented as a
macro.
M_PREPEND(struct mbuf *m, int plen, int how)
Prepends space of size plen to mbuf m. If a new mbuf must be
allocated, how specifies whether to wait. If how is M_DONTWAIT
and allocation fails, the original mbuf chain is freed and m is
set to NULL. Implemented as a macro.
MCHTYPE(struct mbuf *m, int type)
Change mbuf m to new type type. Implemented as a macro.
MEXTREMOVE(struct mbuf *m)
Removes external storage from mbuf m. The flag M_EXT is
removed. Implemented as a macro.
MFREE(struct mbuf *m, struct mbuf *n)
Frees a single mbuf m and places the successor, if any, in mbuf
n. Implemented as a macro.
The mbuf management functions are implemented within the file
sys/kern/uipc_mbuf.c. Function prototypes, and the functions implemented
as macros are located in sys/sys/mbuf.h. Both pathnames are relative to
the root of the NetBSD source tree, /usr/src.
/usr/share/doc/smm/18.net, netstat(1), malloc(9)
Jun-ichiro Hagino, "Mbuf issues in 4.4BSD IPv6/IPsec support (experiences
from KAME IPv6/IPsec implemntation)", Proceedings of the freenix track:
2000 USENIX annual technical conference, June 2000.
The original mbuf data structures were designed by Rob Gurwitz when he
did the initial TCP/IP implementation at BBN.
Further extensions and enhancements were made by Bill Joy, Sam Leffler,
and Mike Karels at CSRG.
Current implementation of external storage by Matt Thomas
<matt@3am-software.com> and Jason R. Thorpe <thorpej@NetBSD.ORG>.
BSD October 3, 1997 BSD
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